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Reproductive Biology

Reproductive Biology. Cell Division Somatic cell division (Mitosis) Reproductive cell division (Meiosis) Flowering and Anthesis Megagametogenesis (EMC to Egg Cells) Microgametogenesis (PMC to Pollen Grains) Pollination and Fertilization Pollen germination on stigma

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Reproductive Biology

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  1. Reproductive Biology • Cell Division • Somatic cell division (Mitosis) • Reproductive cell division (Meiosis) • Flowering and Anthesis • Megagametogenesis (EMC to Egg Cells) • Microgametogenesis (PMC to Pollen Grains) • Pollination and Fertilization • Pollen germination on stigma • Pollen tube growth through style tissue • Double fertilization

  2. Mitosis • - Somatic Cell Division • Ends up with same number of chromosomes in divided cells • Divided cells are genetically identical to maternal cells 2N ---------► 2N + 2N

  3. Meiosis • Reproductive cell division • Undergoes 2 separate divisions • Forms gametes • Divided cells have a half of the chromosome numbers • Ends up with genetic re-assortment by chromosomal translocation (cross-over) 2N ---►---► N + N + N + N

  4. An Example of Meiosis

  5. Chromosome Numbers Terminology x = Number of chromosomes in a genome Genomic chromosome number A set of different chromosomes “Oneness” n=Number of chromosomes in gametes Gametic chromosome number “Halfness” 2n = Number of chromosomes in somatic cells Somatic chromosome number “Wholeness”

  6. Fertility in Polyploid (Euploidy)Plants

  7. Polyploidization • Use of Cholchicine to induce polyploids • Colchicine interferes with spindle fiber function during metaphase of meiosis

  8. Production of Seedless Watermelon www.parkseed.com

  9. Example of Ploidy Variation

  10. Polyploidy Terminology (continued) • Euploidy Variation between chromosome sets • Aneuploidy Variation within a chromosome set • Autoploidy Multiplication of the complete set of genomes of a species • Alloploidy Polyploid containing genetically different sets of chromosomes derived from 2 or more species

  11. AneuploidyVariation within a chromosome set A diploid plant (2n=2x=14) would contain the following chromosome numbers depending on aneuploidy conditions:

  12. Life Cycle • Alternation of gametophytic (n) and sporophytic (2n) stages in a cycle • Sporophytic (2n) stage is long and gametophytic (n) stage is brief

  13. Pollen Tetrad and Microgametophyte - One tube nucleus    - Two sperm nuclei

  14. Megagametophyte 1 egg nucleus  2 polar nuclei   3 antipodal nuclei   2 synergids

  15. Pollination and Fertilization, Angiosperms

  16. Double Fertilization A process of fertilization in which one male gamete (sperm nucleus, n) unites the egg nucleus (n) to form embryo (zygote, 2n) and the other sperm nucleus (n) unites polar nuclei (2n) to form endosperm (3n)

  17. Female (left) and Male (right) Flowers of Pumpkin

  18. Confectionery Seed Pumpkin Production Near Hatton, ND Honeybees

  19. A Hermaphroditic Flower of Peony

  20. Lady Slipper Orchid

  21. Chasmogamous Flowers of Salpiglossis

  22. Red, Delute Flower (RRdd)

  23. Floral Parts

  24. Influence of Pollination on Seed SetSalpiglossis sinuata

  25. 2. Hybridization

  26. Inheritance of Flower Colorin Velvet Flower(Salpiglossis sinuata) RR or R- = Red flower color rr = Yellow flower color DD or D- = Solid color pattern dd = Dilute color pattern

  27. P1 P2 x Dilute Red (RRdd) Solid yellow (rrDD) F1 Solid Red (RrDd) F2 Solid red (R-D-) 9 Dilute red (R-dd) 3 Solid yellow (rrD-) 3 Dilute yellow (rrdd) 1

  28. RRDD or R-D- (red, solid) RRdd or R-dd (red, dilute) rrDD or rrD- (yellow, solid) rrdd (yellow, dilute)

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