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Understanding Cell Theory and Cellular Structures: An Insight into Life's Building Blocks

Cell theory, established by Robert Hooke in 1665, states that all living organisms are made up of cells, which are the smallest units of life. Cells arise from existing cells, demonstrating the diversity of shapes and sizes among them. The fundamental structure of a cell includes the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and organelles that perform specific functions. The cell membrane, composed of lipid layers and proteins, regulates transport and recognition. Organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and nucleus demonstrate the complexity of cellular organization vital for life processes.

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Understanding Cell Theory and Cellular Structures: An Insight into Life's Building Blocks

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  1. Anatomy Unit 4:Cell Theory & Cellular Structures

  2. Cell Theory • Term “cell” was coined in 1665 by Robert Hooke when he looked at a slice of dried cork. He also observed that: • All living things are comprised of cells. • Cells are the smallest “living” unit in an organisms. • Cells come from previously existing cells.

  3. Cell Diversity • Lots of shapes and sizes

  4. Typical Cell

  5. Cell Organization

  6. Cell Organization • The cell includes two basic parts: • Cell Membrane (outer covering of cell) • Cytoplasm • Cytosol (fluid portion of the cytoplasm) • Organelles (cell “organs” or functional parts)

  7. Cell Membrane • Outer boundary • Physical • Chemical • Comprised of two layers of lipid (fat) • Outer and inner layers • Proteins • Proteins give the cell its unique “personality” or function

  8. Cell Membrane

  9. Function of Membrane Proteins • Transport (in and out of cell) • Receptors • Cell adhesion • Cell recognition

  10. Cell Organization

  11. Cytoplasm • Is comprised of: • Cytosol (fluid portion of the cytoplasm) • Organelles (cell “organs” or functional parts)

  12. Cytosol • Intracellular fluid • Contains dissolved nutrients, ions, proteins and waste products

  13. Organelles • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) • A network of membrane-bound tunnels throughout the cytoplasm

  14. ER Rough ER Smooth ER

  15. Ribosomes • Particles attached to ER are ribosomes. • Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis within every cell.

  16. Golgi Apparatus • Flattened membranes • Involved in packaging and secretion of proteins

  17. Golgi Apparatus

  18. Mitochondria • Bean shaped • Outer and inner membranes

  19. Mitochondria • Inner membrane folded into cristae • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) produced on cristae. • ATP is high energy compound. • ATP only produced in mitochondria.

  20. Nucleus

  21. Nucleus • Control center of cell • Contains DNA/chromosomes • Genetic repository for ~ 35,000 genes • Genes control the synthesis of proteins in each cell. • Red blood cells don’t have a nucleus. • Skeletal muscle cells have multiple nuclei.

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