2013-2014 Midterm Exam Review

1. 2013-2014 Midterm Exam Review

2. 1-5 Branches of earth Science • Oceanography • Meteorology • Ecology • Geology • Astronomy

3. 2-Safety in the Science lab- COMMON SENSE

4. HYPOTHESIS- possible explanation for a problem THEORY- an explanation that is based on experimentation and supported by a large quantity of evidence LAW-widely accepted as a fact, based on repeated observations

5. 3. How Did the Dinosaurs become extinct?

6. 3. Evidence of meteorite Impact 1- high concentration of IRIDIUM in rocks that are 65 million yrs old 2- no dinosaur fossils after 65mya 3- layer of soot from worldwide wildfires 4- shocked quartz at impact sites

7. SUNRISE 7:07 a.m. SUNSET 5:13 p.m. 4. Calculate Hours of Daylight _____________hours _______________ minutes

8. 5. Label the layers of the Earth ocean Continental crust Oceanic crust lithosphere MOHO Upper mantle- rigid Upper Mantle- fluid Lower Mantle

9. Statistics of the Earth Circumference= 40,000 km 25,000 miles Diameter = 12,800 km 8,000 miles LITHOSPHERE ASTHENOSPHERE MOHO

10. The source of the Earth’s magnetic field is the liquid IRON & NICKEL in the Outer Core TEXT Page 29 Magnetosphere

11. 40 000 km 7. Oblate spheroid

12. 8. Earth is an OPEN system with regard to Energy and CLOSED with Mass

13. 9 What are the 4 main sources of ENERGY for the Earth System?

14. 9 What are the 4 main sources of ENERGY for the Earth System? 1- the SUN 2- mantle convection 3. Radioactive decay 4. Gravity

15. 10. What is a RESERVOIR?

16. 10. What is a RESERVOIR? • A place where matter or energy is stored for a long period of time • CARBON- Biosphere • Nitrogen-Atmosphere • Phosphorus- Geosphere • Water- Hydrosphere

17. 11. Create 2 Food Chains

18. 12. Food Chain vs. Food Web

19. 12. Food Chain vs. Food Web • Food Chain- one possible path for matter/energy • Food Web- shows every feeding relationship

20. ECOSYSTEMS • CONSUMERS • PRODUCERS • HERBIVORES • CARNIVORES • How do ecosystems respond to change?

21. 13- Latitude and Longitude • Latitude= degrees N or S of the Equator • 69 miles (111 km) between each degree • 90⁰ degrees = Poles • Longitude = degrees E or W of Prime Meridian (Greenwich) • Lines meet at poles, get closer as move N or S

22. 13. Division of a Degree • There are ___________ minutes in a degree, and ____________ degrees in a circle • Latitude measures ____ and ____ of the _______ • Longitude measure ___ and ____ of the ______ ____________ which runs through ____________ • Latitude measures up to ___________ which represents the _______ • Longitude measures as high as __________ • The coordinates of the North Pole are _________ and the South Pole ______________

23. 13. Division of a Degree • There are ___60_____ minutes in a degree, and _____360_____ degrees in a circle • Latitude measures _N__ and __S_ of the equator__ • Longitude measure _E and _W_ of the _Prime___Meridian__ which runs through _Greenwich, England___ • Latitude measures up to ______90⁰___ which represents the Poles__ • Longitude measures as high as ___180⁰___ • The coordinates of the North Pole are___90⁰N_ and the South Pole ______90⁰S____

24. INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE If it is Monday here…. What day is it here?

27. Contour Maps show elevation • CONTOUR INTERVAL- distance between lines • INDEX CONTOUR- every 5th line, drawn in bold print, makes it easier to read the map • CARTOGRAPHY- map making • RELIEF- difference between highest and lowest elevation • GEOMAGNETIC NORTH- magnetic north pole, where a compass points

28. CONTOURMAP

30. MAP LEGEND Explains symbols used on map and the Scale. SCALE – the relationship between Distance on a map and distance on Earth. FRACTIONAL 1: 25 000 GRAPHIC- a bar VERBAL - one inch equals one mile COMPASS ROSE

31. Geographic North Magnetic North Pole

32. 16. WHY DO WE HAVE SEASONS? • TILT 23.5 degrees • Revolution-3651/4 day Leap Year • Parallelism

33. 17. Evidence to support Plate Tectonics

34. 17. Evidence to support Plate Tectonics 1- matching shapes of continents 2- fossil evidence 3- similar rock type 4- mountain ranges continue across oceans 5- climate change 6- earthquake and volcanic activity 7- sea floor spreading 8- Paleomagnetism

35. 17. Earthquakes

36. SEA FLOOR SPREADING : See p 243 As magma rises through rifts in the ocean floor, it captures the magnetic orientation of the age. Rocks closer to the rift are younger. Rocks further from the Rift are older. Harry Hess Confirmed Wegener’s hypothesis

37. 17. Plate Tectonics • Alfred Wegener • Similar fossils on widely separated continents • Similar rock types or mountain ranges • Shape of coastlines • Sea floor spreading • Paleo- magnetism

38. 17. Plate Tectonics

39. PANGAEA PANTHALASSA

41. 19. The Supercontinent Cycle • The supercontinent cycle is a geologic cycle where the Earth's continents alternatively merge into a single supercontinent, split into numerous continents, then merge again. The cycle is estimated to be 300 - 500 million years long.

42. 20. Plate Boundaries DIVERGENT BOUNDARY- magma rises through rift between plates Ex: Mid-Atlantic Ridge CONVERGENT BOUNDARY- plates Collide, form trenches, mtn ranges Ex: Pacific Ring of Fire TRANSFORM BOUNDARY- two plates Slide past each other laterally Ex: San Andreas Fault

43. 20 Hot Spot Volcanism

44. TRANSFORM FAULT- Someday Los Angeles will Be NORTH WEST of San Francisco!

45. RIDGE PUSH CONVECTION CURRENTS DRIVE PLATE MOVEMENT

46. 21. Earthweek

47. 22. Seismic waves

48. 22. How do seismologists pinpoint the epicenter of an earthquake?

49. 23, 24, 25,26. Geologic Time Scale *Dinosaurs extinct- Meteorite impact 4% * Pangea formed 6% PRECAMBRIAN-88% 4600

50. 27, 28. Fossils Form and examples • Mummification • Freezing • Petrification • Tar Seeps • Amber • Cast/mold • Coprolite • Gastrolith • Hard part • Petrified remains