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SETTLING OUT WEST

U.S. HISTORY & GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 2. SETTLING OUT WEST. Mining industry. Boomtowns Vigilance committees Colorado : gold finds leads to statehood Leadville Denver Dakota Territory : Black Hills = gold Montana : copper Arizona : copper Tombstone – Wyatt Earp.

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SETTLING OUT WEST

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  1. U.S. HISTORY & GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 2 SETTLING OUT WEST

  2. Mining industry • Boomtowns • Vigilance committees • Colorado: gold finds leads to statehood • Leadville • Denver • Dakota Territory: Black Hills = gold • Montana: copper • Arizona: copper • Tombstone – Wyatt Earp

  3. Placer mining: extract shallow deposits – shovels, picks, pans Sluice mining: diverting of rivers into trenches. Minerals settle at bottom of trench & prevented from flowing further by a screen Hydraulic mining: high pressured water sprayed at hill or mountain exposing minerals. Damages land. Mining technology

  4. DRY PLACER MINING

  5. SLUICE MINING

  6. HYDRAULIC MINING

  7. Texas Longhorn • Open range • End will be caused by overgrazing of land, farmers, bad weather, & barbed wire • Need for beef out east led to need for cattle • Long drives: Sedalia, MI 1866. • Chisholm Trail to Abilene, KS • Cowboy Life: vaqueros, 14+ hours per day RANCHING & CATTLE DRIVES

  8. TEXAS LONGHORN MEXICAN VAQUERO

  9. California: “forty-niners” • Mexican Americans who had land grants from Spain attempted to keep land. Problem: boundaries not definitive • New Mexico: Las GorrasBlancas will raid ranches owned by English speakers as they were upset over fencing of land. Will begin influencing NM public affairs through legislature • Barrios: communities of Hispanics SETTLING THE HISPANIC SOUTHWEST

  10. FARMING THE PLAINS • Great Plains: west of Mississippi & east of Rocky mountains • Challenges: weather, grasshoppers, fires

  11. Homes are dugouts or soddies. Wells for water are over 100 feet, pumped out by hand Settlement increased due to federal land policy & completion of transcontinental railroad FARMING THE PLAINS

  12. SODDIE

  13. DUGOUT

  14. Railroads: land grants given by federal government. Union Pacific & Central Pacific complete the 1st transcontinental railroad. Leftover land would be sold to prospective settlers Land: Homestead Act – 160 acres to citizen or intended citizen who was head of house. Exodusters – African Americans who moved from Reconstruction South to KS for land FARMING THE PLAINS

  15. May 10, 1869 Promontory Point , Utah

  16. EXODUSTERS ADVERTISEMENT FOR LAND

  17. Morrill Act: 30k acres of land to sell for $ to fund existing colleges or create new ones focused on agriculture & mechanical arts Sodbusters would lose homes due to droughts, wind erosion, & over use of land Dry farming: plant seed deep where moisture would allow them to grow Innovations: steel plow (John Deere), reapers (Cyrus McCormick), grain drill, barbed wire, corn binder THE WHEAT BELT

  18. Wheat belt farmers experienced severe drought, world market competition which caused prices to drop, heavy debt for machinery, overcharged for shipping by railroads, & mortgage payments Railroads brought in lumber, brick, coal, & manufactured goods – all items for settlements & homes HARD TIMES FOR FARMERS

  19. HARD TIME FOR FRONTIERS • Frontier began to close with Yellowstone National Park 1872. Oklahoma Land Rush April 1889 was last large territory that was open to settlement.

  20. Tribes lived a nomadic life. Following the buffalo – their main source of food, shelter, & clothing Family life involved small extensions that tied them to other bands who spoke the same language STRUGGLES FOR THE Plains indians

  21. BUFFALO HUNT, UNDER THE WOLF SKIN by George Catlin 1830's

  22. Settlers continued to push westward on the premise that Native Americans had not “settled” the land & that they did not “own” the land. Native Americans believed no one could own the land. Settlers deprived Native Americans of hunting grounds & would constantly break treaties with them & force them to relocate Struggles for the plains Indians

  23. Dakota (Sioux tribe) settled their conflict with settlers in Minnesota by agreeing to live on a reservation in exchange for annuities. Many of the Dakota lived in poverty & starvation. When the local traders refused to provide them with food, the Dakota rebelled, killing hundreds of settlers. Over 300 Dakota were sentenced to death by a military tribunal. Lincoln reviewed the evidence & sentenced only 38. The remaining Dakota fled the reservation & were exiles in what becomes known as the Dakota territory. DAKOTA SIOUX UPRISING

  24. RED CLOUD’S WAR • Bozeman Trail: Settlers used & settled along this trial that ran through the Lakota (Sioux tribe) hunting grounds • Leaders: Red Cloud, Crazy Horse, & Sitting Bull

  25. December 1866: Lakota ambushed Captain William Fetterman & his soldiers, killing 80. Skirmished continued & government will close the trail. Treaty of Fort Laramie provided the Sioux a reservation along the Missouri River. Not all tribes signed (Sitting Bull). All tribes were still under the impression that they could still use their hunting grounds RED CLOUD’S WAR

  26. Colorado 1860s: tensions between miners & Cheyenne & Arapaho tribes escalated. Native Americans raided wagon trains & ranches. By 1864 over 200 settlers were dead. Governor persuaded the Native Americans to surrender at Fort Lyon for food & protection. SAND CREEK MASSACRE

  27. November 1864: Chief Black Kettle brought Cheyenne tribe to Fort Lyon. Major Scot Anthony allowed them to camp at Sand Creek. Colonel John Chivington& Colorado Volunteers attacked Black Kettle’s camp. Results: over 200 Native Americans, mostly women & children, were massacred on Nov. 29, 1864 SAND CREEK MASSACRE

  28. SAND CREEK MASSACRE Shaded area represents land reserved for the Cheyennes and Arapahos under the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851.Black area represents the reduced land area allotted to the Indians in the Fort Wise Treaty of 1861

  29. Indian Peace Commission in 1867: proposed two large reservations – 1 for Sioux, other for Southern Plains Indian tribes. Commissioned pressured them to sign but unable to ensure that their leaders or followers would abide by it. There was no provision that would keep settlers from violating the new treaties. – SEE POLITICAL CARTOON PG. 86 Native Americans who went to reservations faced same hardships that caused the Dakota to act violently ATTEMPTS FOR PEACE

  30. Professional buffalo hunters, settlers, & railroad companies arbitrarily killed buffalo forcing the Native Americans onto reservations LAST NATIVE AMERICAN WARS

  31. Last native American wars • Red River War: Kiowa & Comanche tribes engaged in 6 years of raids. U.S. army destroyed villages, horses, killed warriors, & took women & children to reservations

  32. Prospectors looking for gold went into Black Hills that was on the Lakota tribe (Sioux) reservation in Dakota Territory. Members decided that treaty was violated & left reservation to hunt in Bighorn Mountains BATTLE OF THE LITTLE BIGHORN

  33. Government sent Lt. Colonel George A. Custer & 7th Calvary Custer decided to attack the Lakota & Cheyenne tribes only to be defeated – ALL died Newspapers stated that this was a massacre & Custer was the victim SEE MAP PG. 73 BATTLE OF THE LITTLE BIGHORN

  34. Crazy Horse Sitting Bull

  35. Lakota Sioux members performed the Ghost Dance – a hoped-for day when the settlers would disappear, buffalo would return, & they would be reunited with their dead ancestors. This dance was forbidden on reservation as government feared it would lead to violence Sitting Bull who had returned from Canada would be blamed for the defiance. Government tried to arrest him, supporters interfered, resulting in gunfire that killed Sitting Bull TRAGEDY AT WOUNDED KNEE

  36. December 29, 1890: group of Ghost Dancers fled after Sitting Bull’s death & engaged army at Wounded Knee Creek in SD resulting in the deaths of 25 soldiers, 200 Lakota men, women, & children (approx.) TRAGEDY AT WOUNDED KNEE

  37. Assimilation THE DAWES ACT

  38. Dawes Act 1887: method to “Americanize” Native Americans. Broke up reservations in 160 acres each to head of household, 80 acres to unmarried Native American adults, & 40 acres to each child. Land in excess to be sold to white settlers giving profits to Native Americans to purchase supplies & equipment. Those who stayed on their allotment for 25 years were granted citizenship THE DAWES ACT

  39. Failures of act: profits not given to Native Americans, too little training or enthusiasm to become a farmer (homesteader), few stayed long enough to qualify for citizenship, too dependent on buffalo SEE MAP PG. 85 THE DAWES ACT

  40. Citizenship Act 1924: gives ALL Native Americans citizenship Indian Reorganization Act 1934: reverses Dawes Act, restores some reservation lands, gave tribes control over those lands & allowed for tribal governments FUTURE FOR NATIVE AMERICANS

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