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tstorms/tropical-storms/

MPO 551, Class 2. http://www.tstorms.org/tropical-storms/. MPO 551, Class 2. $$$1.00$$$ to Andrew - p.23. “ air circulates counterclockwise around Lows [in the NH] and counterclockwise around Highs”. The Earth System: The oceans, cryosphere, Hydrologic cycle Carbon cycle Oxygen

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  1. MPO 551, Class 2 http://www.tstorms.org/tropical-storms/

  2. MPO 551, Class 2

  3. $$$1.00$$$ to Andrew - p.23 “air circulates counterclockwise around Lows [in the NH] and counterclockwise around Highs”

  4. The Earth System: • The oceans, cryosphere, • Hydrologic cycle • Carbon cycle • Oxygen • Earth’s history

  5. WATER: Mass in units of 103 kg m-2 ~ 100 cm deep The oceans: 72% of earth’s surface, 97% of the earth’s Non-geologic water. Ice sheets ~ 2%, and 80% of earths Freshwater. Antarctica ~ 89% of ice mass, Greenland 9%, Surface area also important.

  6. Role of Oceans in Climate: • thermal inertia • heat transport • El Nino • uptake of carbon • source of trace gases

  7. Ocean Temperature: Thin, mixed surface layer + thermocline + deep layer

  8. M-AERI Observations The Marine & Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer precisely measures the temperature of the ocean’s thin surface layer or skin. Temp (°C) Day of the Year 2003

  9. Time evolution of near-surface thermal gradients SkinDeEP profiles on 12 October 1999.Off Baja California, R/V Melville. From Ward, B. and P. J. Minnett, 2001. An autonomous profiler for near surface temperature measurements. Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces. M. A. Donelan, W.M. Drennan, E.S. Saltzmann and R. Wanninkhof (Eds.) American Geophysical Union Monograph 127. 167 - 172.

  10. Surface height anomaly SST, 8/27/05 Tropical cyclone heat potential Depth of 26.5 C isotherm Gustavo Goni (AOML) Joaquin Trinanes (CIMAS)

  11. Ocean composition: ~ 35 g/kg dissolved salts,or 35 0/00, parts per thousand by mass Denser than fresh water by ~2.4% Density gradient = pycnocline Temperature change required to offset change in salinity of 1 g/km, as f(T)

  12. Thermohaline circulation

  13. Wind drift & sea level annual Wind drift and TOPEX sea-level

  14. Thermohaline circulation: ~ hundreds of years

  15. Subtropical Atlantic Ocean sounding

  16. Biological productivity: upwelling+sun

  17. Costa Rica shallow thermocline dome S.-P. Xie, TRMM SST + precipitation, 5-year average

  18. Annual mean SST SST Departure from zonal-mean

  19. Globally, P ~ E over continents, P>E Winds+water vapor TRMM

  20. The cryosphere

  21. Sea ice: large range in albedo

  22. Sheba track Winter arctic sea-ice motion, from buoys. Beaufort Gyre.

  23. Permafrost

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