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Advanced ABAP Objects Programming

Advanced ABAP Objects Programming. Horst Keller / Stefan Bresch Business Programming Languages, S AP AG. Overview. Interfaces and Inheritance Visibility and Access Method Call Object Services. Interfaces and Inheritance. Abstract and Final Classes and Methods.

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Advanced ABAP Objects Programming

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  1. Advanced ABAP Objects Programming Horst Keller / Stefan Bresch Business Programming Languages, SAP AG

  2. Overview Interfaces and Inheritance Visibility and Access Method Call Object Services

  3. Interfaces and Inheritance Abstract and Final Classes and Methods Composing Interfaces Polymorphism Polymorphic Event Handling

  4. Interfaces and Inheritance – Principles ABAP Objects supports single inheritance CLASS c1 DEFINITION. ...CLASS c2 DEFINITION INHERITING FROM c1. ...CLASS c3 DEFINITION INHERITING FROM c1. ... Classes can implement several interfaces INTERFACE i1. ...INTERFACE i2. ...CLASS c1 DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION.INTERFACES: i1, i2. ...

  5. Abstract and Final Classes and Methods Abstract Classes and Methods CLASS c1 DEFINTION ABSTRACT. METHODS: m1, m2 ABSTRACT.ENDCLASS. CLASS c1 IMPLEMENTATION. METHODS m1. ENDMETHOD.ENDCLASS. • Abstract classes can‘t be instantiated • Abstract methods can only be implemented in a subclass, using REDEFINITION. • A class containing an abstract method must itself be abstract. • Compared to interfaces, abstract classes can be partly implemented but are restricted by single inheritance.

  6. Abstract and Final Classes and Methods Final Classes and Methods CLASS c1 DEFINTION FINAL. METHODS: m1, m2.ENDCLASS. CLASS c2 DEFINITION. METHODS: m1, m2 FINAL.ENDCLASS. • Final classes can‘t have subclasses. • Final methods can‘t be redefined. • All methods of a final classare implicitly final. • Final classes are endnodes of the inheritance tree.

  7. 6.10 Interfaces – Implementation Newadditions for implementation in classes: CLASS class DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION.INTERFACES intf [ABSTRACT METHODSmeth ...] [FINAL METHODSmeth ...] [ALL METHODS ABSTRACT|FINAL] [DATA VALUESattr = value ...]. ... CLASS class DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION.INTERFACES intf. ... • You can make interface methodsabstract or final. • You can assign start values to interface attributes.

  8. Composing Interfaces Composing Interfaces INTERFACE i1. ...INTERFACES i2, i3, ... ...ENDINTERFACE. INTERFACE i1. ... ... ...ENDINTERFACE. • i1: Compound Interface • i2, i3, ... : Component Interfaces

  9. Composing Interfaces – Naming INTERFACE i2. INTERFACES i1.ENDINTERFACE. INTERFACE i3. INTERFACES i1, i2.ENDINTERFACE. • i3 contains i1 exactly once • The name of i1 in i3 is i3~i1 • No nesting of names (i3~i2~i1) allowed

  10. Composing Interfaces – Diamond Inheritance INTERFACE i1. METHODS meth.ENDINTERFACE. INTERFACE i2. INTERFACES i1. METHODS meth.ENDINTERFACE. INTERFACE i3. INTERFACES i1. METHODS meth.ENDINTERFACE. INTERFACE i4. INTERFACES i2, i3.ENDINTERFACE. Problem?

  11. Composing Interfaces – Implementation CLASS c1 DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. INTERFACES i4.ENDCLASS. No Problem! • Each interface is implemented once. • All interfaces are implemented at the same level. • Each interface component is unique. CLASS c1 IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD i1~meth. ... ENDMETHOD. METHOD i2~meth. ... ENDMETHOD. METHOD i3~meth. ... ENDMETHOD.ENDCLASS.

  12. FOR i2~i1~m1. iref3->i2~i1~m1( ). Composing Interfaces – Aliases INTERFACE i1. METHODS m1.ENDINTERFACE. • Inside: Access to deep components of compound interfaces via aliases only. INTERFACE i2. INTERFACES i1.ALIASESm2 FOR i1~m1.ENDINTERFACE. • Outside:Narrowing cast. INTERFACE i3. INTERFACES i2.ALIASESm3 FOR i2~m2.ENDINTERFACE. DATA: iref1 TYPE REF TO i1, iref3 TYPE REF TO i3. iref1 = iref3.iref1->m1( ).iref3->m3( ).

  13. Polymorphism Polymorphism Accessing different methods in different objects and with different behavior via the same interface. • You access objects via reference variables. • You can use one and the same reference variable to access various objects. • What is the technical background?

  14. Polymorphism – Reference Variables • Object:Instance of a class. • Reference Variable:Typed with a class or an interface •  Reference Variable Types: CREATE OBJECT oref TYPE class. DATA oref TYPE REF TO class|interface. oref Static Type - from typingDynamic Type - class of object

  15. Polymorphism – Static and Dynamic Types Golden Rule The static type must be more general than or equal to the dynamic type. • If the static type is an interface, the dynamic type must implement the interface. • If the static type is a class, the dynamic type must be the same class or one of its subclasses. •  Different static and dynamic types:Polymorphism

  16. Polymorphism – Reference Variable Assignments Two cases for assignments: Golden rule can be tested statically: Narrowing (Up) Cast Golden rule cannot be tested statically: Widening (Down) Cast Static type of target is more general than or equal to static type of source. Static type of target is more special than static type of source.

  17. Polymorphism – Narrowing Cast Static tests of golden rule: • Static types of target and source are classes:Target class is superclass of or the same as source class. • Static types of target and source are interfaces:Target interface is component of or the same as source interface. • Static type of target is interface and static type of source is class:Target interface is implemented in source class or one of its super classes. • Static type of target is class and static type of source is interface:Target class is the root class “object“.

  18. Polymorphism – Widening Cast No static tests of golden rule possible: • All cases that cannot be handled by narrowing cast. • No other assignments possible than with casting operator ?= (MOVE ... ?TO ...). DATA: oref1 TYPE REF TO class, oref2 TYPE REF TO interface. ... CREATE OBJECT oref1 TYPE class. ... TRY. oref1 ?= oref2. CATCH cx_sy_move_cast_error. ... ENDTRY.

  19. EVENTS evt class Polymorphic Event Handling Principle The event handler defines the objects that can trigger the event handler method. Inheritance case: METHODS handlerFOR EVENTevt OF class.

  20. 6.10 Polymorphic Event Handling – Type Check Strict type check for event handler during registration. Object type behind FOR EVENT OF in declaration ofhandler must be more general or the same as static type of trigger. CLASS c1 DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. EVENTS e1.ENDCLASS. CLASS c2 DEFINITION INHERITING FROM c1. ...ENDCLASS. CLASS c3 DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. CLASS-METHODS handlerFOR EVENTe1 OF c2.ENDCLASS. CLASS c3 DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. CLASS-METHODS handlerFOR EVENTe1 OF c1.ENDCLASS. DATA trigger TYPE REF TO c1. SET HANDLER c3=>handler FOR trigger. DATA trigger TYPE REF TO c2. SET HANDLER c3=>handler FOR trigger.

  21. 6.10 Polymorphic Event Handling – Type of Sender New data type of sender. Data type of the implicit event parameter sender is the object type class or interface behind FOR EVENT OF. Before release 6.10 the type was defined by the class or interface where the event was declared. CLASS c_handler DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. [CLASS-]METHODS handler FOR EVENTevt OF class|interfaceIMPORTING sender ...ENDCLASS.

  22. Visibility and Access Read-Only Attributes Attributes in Internal Tables Dynamic Access Restricted Instantiation Friends

  23. CLASS c1 DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. DATA a1 TYPE ... READ-ONLY. ...ENDCLASS. Visibility – Read-Only Attributes CLASS c1 DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. METHODS get_a1 RETURNING r1 ... PRIVATE SECTION. DATA a1 TYPE ...ENDCLASS. CLASS c1 IMPLENTATION. METHOD get_a1.r1 = a1. ENDMETHOD. ENDCLASS. Text book style ... Text book style ...but performance?

  24. Access – Attributes in Internal Table Operations Did you know? DATA: BEGIN OF itab_line, idx TYPE i, orefTYPE REF TOclass|interface, END OF itab_line. DATA itab LIKE TABLE OF itab_line. SORT itab BY oref->attr ... DELETE itab WHERE oref->attr = ... READ TABLE itab INTO itab_line WITH KEY oref->attr = ... MODIFY itab FROM itab_line TRANSPORTING oref WHERE oref->attr = ... LOOP AT itab INTO itab_line WHERE oref->attr > 1. ...ENDLOOP.

  25. 6.10 Access – Dynamic Access • Principle: Access to all visible components • Static type more general than dynamic type. • Static access only to statically known components. • Dynamic Access DATA oref TYPE REF TO object.FIELD-SYMBOLS <fs> TYPE ANY.DATA attr TYPE string. create object oref type class. attr = 'ATTR'.ASSIGN oref->(attr) TO <fs>. attr = 'OREF->ATTR'.ASSIGN (attr) TO <fs>. Check by sy-subrcor IS ASSIGNED .

  26. Access – Restricted Instantiation Visibility of Instance Constructor CLASS class DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION.  ??? METHODS constructor ... CLASS class DEFINITION CREATE PUBLIC|PROTECTED|PRIVATE. PUBLIC SECTION. METHODS constructor ... • Declaration of constructor in public section. • Constructor is called by CREATE OBJECT statement • Constructor visibility set implicitly by CREATE addition. • Subclasses inherit constructor visibility or override it. • But: Subclasses of superclass with addition CREATE PRIVATE cannot be instantiated (exception: FRIENDS)They always inherit the implicit addition CREATE NONE.Classes with addition CREATE PRIVATE should be FINAL.

  27. 6.10 Access – Friends Giving upProtection and Privacy CLASS class DEFINITION CREATE PROTECTED|PRIVATEFRIENDS classes interfaces ... ...PROTECTED|PRIVATE SECTION. CLASS class DEFINITION CREATE PROTECTED|PRIVATE. ...PROTECTED|PRIVATE SECTION. • A class can offer friendship to other classes or interfaces. • Subclasses of friends and all classes/interfaces that implement a friend interface are also friends. • Friends have access to all components of a class. • Friends can allways instantiate a class. • A class offering friendship is not automatically friend of its friends. • Offering friendship is not inherited by subclasses.

  28. Method Call Functional Methods Short Form for Static Invoke Dynamic Invoke Invoke via OO-Transaction

  29. Method Call – Functional Methods Methods with one RETURNING PARAMETER. METHODS meth IMPORTING ... pi ...RETURNING VALUE(r) TYPE ... Short forms can be used in operand positions. meth( ). meth( a ). meth( pi = ai ... ). f =meth( ). [COMPUTE] r = f + meth( ). ... meth( ) > f. CASEmeth( ).WHENmeth( ). 6.10 Built-in functions also in above operand positions.

  30. 4.6 6.10 Method Call – Short Form for Static Invoke CALL METHODoptional inStatic Invoke CALL METHOD meth EXPORTING pi = ai ... IMPORTING pj = aj ... CALL METHOD meth(). CALL METHOD meth( a ). CALL METHOD meth( pi = ai ... ). CALL METHOD meth( EXPORTING pi = ai ... IMPORTING pj = aj ... ). CALL METHOD meth(). CALL METHOD meth( a ). CALL METHOD meth( pi = ai ... ). meth( EXPORTING pi = ai ... IMPORTING pj = aj ... ). meth( ). meth( a ). meth( pi = ai ... ). When the passing of parameters is done in parenthesis, the keyword CALL METHOD is not necessary . * Examples transaction_manager->start( ). html_viewer->show_url( url ).

  31. Method Call – Dynamic Invoke Dynamic Passing of Parameters TYPE-POOLS abap. DATA: ptab TYPE abap_parmbind_tab, ptab_line LIKE LINE OF ptab. ptab_line-name = 'P'.GET REFERENCE OF a INTO ptab_line-value.INSERT ptab_line INTO TABLE ptab. TRY. meth = 'METH'. CALL METHOD oref->(meth) PARAMETER-TABLE ptab. CATCH cx_sy_dyn_call_error. ...ENDTRY. 6.10 PARAMETER-TABLE also in CALL FUNCTION.

  32. 6.10 Object Services Global or Local Method Call – OO-Transaction Transaction Code PROGRAM demo_oo_transaction. CLASS demo_class DEFINITION. PUBLIC SECTION. METHODS instance_method.ENDCLASS. CLASS demo_class IMPLEMENTATION. METHOD instance_method. ... ENDMETHOD.ENDCLASS. Calling the transactionloads the program into an own internal mode, instantiates the class and executes the method. Program

  33. 6.10 Object Services Introduction Transparent Object Persistence Handling persistent Objects Additional transaction service

  34. 6.10 ABAP program Persistent objects Object Services System and class- specificagents ABAP runtime environment Database Object Services - Introduction • Object services are language-related services that are not part of the language itself, • provide a level of abstraction between ABAP programs and the runtime environment, • support object-oriented handling of persistent data and transactions, • are realized in the Class Library in classes CL_OS_... and interfaces IF_OS_... .

  35. Object Services - Transparent Object Persistence 6.10 Persistence Service Persistent Classes Object-relational Mapping Persistence Representation

  36. 6.10 Object Services - Persistence Service • Object Services offers you a transparent object persistence. • The persistence of your objects is managed by the persistence service. • The persistence service loads your objects. • The persistence service tracks the changes made to your objects. • The persistence service stores your (changed) objects.

  37. 6.10 Object Services - Persistent Classes The persistence service handles instances of persistent classes. With the Class Builder, you can create a persistent class.

  38. 6.10 CL_CARRIER CARRID CARRNAME ... SCARR CARRID CARRNAME... ... LH Lufthansa ... ... CARRID = LH CARRNAME = Lufthansa ... Object Services - Object-Relational Mapping Mapping classes to tables and objects to table rows is called the object-relational mapping.

  39. 6.10 Persistence Object Services - Persistence Representation • For a persistent class, the object-relational mapping can be defined within the Class Builder. • The „persistence representation“ tool can be accessed using the button . • Here, starting with fields of an existing table, persistent attributes can be created.

  40. 6.10 Object Services - Handling Persistent Objects Accessor Methods Life Cycle Management Methods Class Agents Loading, Creating, Deleting, ... Object Identity Persistent Object References

  41. 6.10 Object Services - Accessor Methods • The Class Builder generates accessor methods for each attribute of a persistent class. • The attribute Aof a persistent class can only be accessed with the methods GET_A and SET_A. • The accessor methods inform the persistence service of attribute access.

  42. Object Services - Life Cycle Management Methods 6.10 • With the life cycle management methods, you can handle the life cycle of persistent instances. • Methods for creating persistent instances. • Methods for loading persistent instances. • Methods for deleting persistent instances. • A persistent instance has one of the following life cycle states: NEW, LOADED, CHANGED, DELETED, NOT_LOADED.

  43. 6.10 Object Services - Class Agents • The life cycle management methods are provided by the class agent. • The class agent is generated by the Class Builder. • The class agent for the persistent class CL_X is named CA_X. • The class agent is a singleton and has a class attribute AGENT containing an object reference to this singleton.

  44. 6.10 Object Services - Loading a Persistent Object A persistent object can be loaded with the class agent method GET_PERSISTENT. DATA: CARRIER TYPE REF TO CL_CARRIER, CARRIER_AGENT TYPE REF TO CA_CARRIER, CARRNAME TYPE S_CARRNAME. CARRIER_AGENT = CA_CARRIER=>AGENT. TRY. CARRIER = CARRIER_AGENT->GET_PERSISTENT( I_CARRID = 'LH' ). CARRNAME = CARRIER->GET_CARRNAME( ). WRITE: 'LH: ', CARRNAME. CATCH CX_OS_OBJECT_NOT_FOUND. ENDTRY.

  45. 6.10 Object Services - Creating a Persistent Object A persistent object can be created with the class agent method CREATE_PERSISTENT. DATA: CARRIER TYPE REF TO CL_CARRIER, CARRIER_AGENT TYPE REF TO CA_CARRIER. CARRIER_AGENT = CA_CARRIER=>AGENT. TRY. CARRIER = CARRIER_AGENT->CREATE_PERSISTENT( I_CARRID = 'LH' ). CARRIER->SET_CARRNAME('Lufthansa' ). CATCH CX_OS_OBJECT_EXISTING. ENDTRY. COMMIT WORK.

  46. 6.10 Object Services - Deleting a Persistent Object A persistent object can be deleted with the class agent method DELETE_PERSISTENT. DATA: CARRIER_AGENT TYPE REF TO CA_CARRIER. CARRIER_AGENT = CA_CARRIER=>AGENT. TRY. CARRIER_AGENT->DELETE_PERSISTENT( I_CARRID = 'LH' ). CATCH CX_OS_OBJECT_NOT_EXISTING. ENDTRY. COMMIT WORK.

  47. 6.10 Object Services – Object Identity Object identity business key:The object identity is controlled by the application. (The business keys are the attributes mapped to the primary key fields of the table mapped to this persistent class.) Object identity GUID:The object Identity is controlled by the persistence service. (There‘s a GUID related to each persistent object. The GUID is not an attribute of the persistent class, but the primary key field of the table mapped to this persistent class.)

  48. 6.10 Object Services – Persistent Object References A persistent attribute can be a reference to another persistent object with object identity GUID. Runtime references are converted to persistent references during database access (and vice versa). The persistent service supports transparent navigation.A referenced object is not loaded until it is accessed.

  49. 6.10 Object Services – Transaction Service Transaction service Transactions Nested transactions Transactions and the SAP-LUW

  50. 6.10 Object Services – Transaction Service Object Services offers you an additional transaction service. Inside an OO-transaction (with OO transaction model checked) you must use the transaction service with the specified update mode.

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