Consonants Part II

1. ConsonantsPart II A Course in Phonetics Ladefoged & Johnson Chapter 3

2. Fricatives • Vowels before voiceless fricatives are shorter than before voiced fricatives • strife [straɪf] strive [straɪv] • teeth [tiɵ] teethe [tið] • rice [raɪs] rise [raɪz] • mission [mɪʃnˌ] vision [viʒnˌ]

3. Fricatives • Voiceless fricative at the end of a word is longer than a voiced fricative at the end of a word. • Safe [seɪf] save [seɪv] • Lace [leɪs] laze [leɪz]

4. Stops and Fricatives Similarities • Vowels before voiceless stops and fricatives are shorter than before voiced. • Final voiceless stops and fricatives are longer than voiced. • Final voiced stops and fricatives aren not actually voiced throughout the articulation unless adjacent sounds are also voiced. • Stops and fricatives are also known as obstruents, since they do obstruct the airflow in some way.

5. Labialization • Action of the lips are added to the articulation of the fricatives. strongly labialized /ʃ/ /ʒ/ mildly labialized /s/ /z/

6. Affricates /ʧ/ and /ʤ/ • Combination of a stop immediately followed by a fricative. • These are the only two affricates in English. • May occur at the beginning and end of words. judge [ʤʌʤ] church [ʧɝʧ]

7. Nasals • Together with /r , l/ can be syllabic when they occur at the end of a word. • This is marked by /ˌ/ under the symbol. • Sadden [sædnˌ] • Table [tæblˌ] • Jack and Kate [ʤæk nˌ keɪt]

8. Nasals /ŋ/ • No English word can begin with /ŋ/ • It can only be preceded by the vowels /ɪ, ɛ, æ, ʌ, ɑ/ • It can not be syllabic. Except in Jack and Kate [ʤæk ŋˌ keɪt]

9. Change over time sing [sɪng] [sɪŋg] [sɪŋ] sink [sɪnk] [sɪŋk] singer [sɪŋɝ] finger [fɪŋgɝ] New York = [sɪŋgɝ]

10. Approximants /w, r, l/ whack [wæk] rack [ræk] lack [læk] • They are largely voiceless when they follow a voiceless stop /p, t, k/ • Play [pl˳eɪ] twice [tw˳aɪs] clay [kl˳eɪ] /j/ yak [ jæk] • Can also occur in consonant clusters • Pew [pju] cue [kju]

11. Velarization • The tip of the tongue touches the alveolar ridge, the center of the tongue is pulled down and the back is arched upward. /l/ • The alveolar ridge = primary articulation • Arched back of the tongue = secondary articulation • The mark for velarization is [~] through the middle of the symbol / ɫ / [ ɫif ]

12. / h / • In most instances it can only occur before stressed vowels or before the approximant / j / as in hue [hju]. • Sometimes there is a /h/ before /w/ so that which [hwɪʧ] and witch [wɪʧ] are contrasted. • This is sometimes represented by an inverted w /ʍ/ • This is disappearing in American English.

13. Rules for English Consonant Allophones • Consonants are longer when at the end of a phrase. • bib, did, don, nod • Voiceless stops are aspirated when they are initial sounds. • Pip [pʰɪp test [tʰɛst] kick [kʰɪk] • Obstruents – (stops and fricatives) voiced and slightly obstruct the airflow.

14. Rules for English Consonant Allophones • Voiced stops and fricatives /b, d, g, ʤ/ are voiceless when syllable initial, except when preceded by a voiced sound (a day) • Voiceless stops / p, t, k/ are unaspirated after / s / (spew, stew, skew) • Voiceless obstruents / p, t, k, ʧ, f, ɵ, s, ʃ / are longer than the voiced obstruents /b, d, g, ʤ, v, ð, z, ʒ /

15. Rules for English Consonant Allophones • The approximants / w, r, j, l / are at least partially voiceless when they occur after initial / p, t, k / as in play, twin, cue. • The gestures for consecutive stops overlap, so that stops are unexploded when they occur before another stop • Apt [æp̚ t] rubbed [ rʌb̚ d]

16. Rules for English Consonant Allophones • In many accents of English, final syllable / p, t, k/ are accompanied by an overlapping glottal stop gesture • Tip [tɪʔp] pit [pɪʔt] kick [kɪʔk] • In many accents of English, / t / is replaced by a glottal stop when it occurs before an alveolar nasal in the same word . Beaten [biʔnˌ]

17. Rules for English Consonant Allophones • Nasals are syllabic at the end of a word when immediately after an obstruent. • leaden [lɛdnˌ] chasm [ʧæzmˌ] • The lateral / l / is syllabic at the end of a word when immediately after a consonant. • whistle [wɪslˌ] kennel [kɛnlˌ]

18. Rules for English Consonant Allophones • Alveolar stops become voiced taps when they occur between two vowels, the second of which is unstressed. • City [sɪʕi] • Alveolar consonants become dentals before dental consonants. • Eighth [eɪt̪ɵ] tenth [tɛn̪ɵ] wealth [wɛl̪ɵ]

19. Rules for English Consonant Allophones • Alveolar stops are reduced or omitted when between two consonants. • Most people [moʊs ‘piplˌ] • Send papers [sɛn peɪpɝz] • A consonant is shortened when it is before an identical consonant. • Cap, kept, kit, key • Gap, get, give, geese

20. Rules for English Consonant Allophones • Velar stops become more front before front vowels. • Gap, get, give, geese • The lateral / l / is velarized when after a vowel or before a consonant at the end of a word. • Life [laɪf] file [faɪɫ] • Clap [klæp] talc [tæɫk] • Feeling [filɪŋ] feel [fiɫ]

21. Diacritics • Some diacritics modify the value of a symbol • / ˳ / Voiceless • /ʰ / aspirated • / ̪ / Dental • / ˜ / Nasalized • / ~ / Velarized • / ˌ / Syllabic