Health and Education

1. Health and Education R&W Chapter 5 (to p. 133) (File Education_Health.ppt) Link to syllabus Link to WDI Link to Encyclopedia of the Orient

2. Table 5.1 p. 100 (R&W). Health Indicators Life expectancy up Infant mortality down virtually everywhere.

3. Life Expectancy by Regions, WDI Source: WDI

4. Life Expectancy, by countries Source: WDI

5. Figure 5.2 p. 102 (R&W). Infant Mortality Rates, by Region

6. Figure 5.1 p. 101 (R&W). Infant Mortality Rates, MENA

7. Infant Mortality, by Regions (semi-log graph) Source: WDI

8. Infant Mortality Source: WDI

9. R&W Fig 5.5 p. 107. Infant Mortality and GNI/Capita

10. Figure 5.3 p. 102 (R&W). Infant Mortality Rates, Rural/Urban Differences in MENA

11. Physicians per Thousand Source: WDI data

12. Physicians/1000: MENA

13. Medicine & Farmacies; Maqamat ~1200 a.d.

14. Hospital Divrigi, Turkey. 1228 Part of a complex, centered around a mosque, including an Old People’s Home

15. Al-Mansouri Hospital, Cairo. 1284

16. Qasr Al-Aini Hospital, Cairo ~1837

17. Public library of Hulwan, Baghdad From the Maqamat Presumably ~1200 a.d. Arabic text states: “During an exam, a person is either honored or disgraced.”

18. Astronomers~1600 Source: World of Islam p. 200

19. House of Wisdom 1. Baghdad 1004 a.d.

20. House of Wisdom IIBaghdad 2004

21. Al-Azhar University, 1880s Source: Focus East p. 69. Photo attributed to G. Lekegian

22. Courtyard of Al-Azhar mosque Source: Nassar Rabat course, http://web.mit.edu/4.615/www

23. Al-Azhar Mosque.Begun 970. Complex includes the “world’s first university” Main facade of the mosque from Northwest with the three Mamluk minarets of Aqbugha, Qaytbay, and the double-headed minaret of al-Ghuri from (L to R).  Source: Nassar Rabat course, http://web.mit.edu/4.615/www

24. Religious Students in Isfahan, Iran

25. Illiteracy, Percent 1950s 1970s 2000 1950s 1970s 2000 Algeria 83 74 33 Bahrain 87 60 12 Egypt 75 62 45 Iran 87 64 24 Iraq 89 76 44 Israel - 12 5 Jordan - 46 10 Kuwait 66 40 18 Lebanon - 37 14 Libya 87 50 20 Morocco 86 79 51 Oman - 81 28 Qatar - 42 19 Saudi Arabia - 67 24 Sudan 88 85 42 Syria - 60 26 Tunisia 84 62 29 Turkey 68 40 15 UAE - 44 24 WB & Gaza - - 14 Yemen - 86 54 Source: WDI and UNESCO Illiteracy is declining everywhere in MENA Currently, highest levels in Yemen, Morocco, Egypt, Iraq, Sudan, Algeria. It’s very hard to eliminate illiteracy of adults.

26. Youth Illiteracy, by country Iraq Yemen Morocco Egypt

27. Table 5.2 p. 113 (R&W). Adult Literacy, 1990-2003 R&W don’t give separate data for illiteracy among youths

28. R&W Figure 5.7 p. 114. Adult Literacy and GNI/Capita

29. Table 5.3 p. 115 (R&W). Primary School Enrollment Improvements everywhere. Marked increases for females in Algeria, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Yemen. Room for improvement for females in Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Yemen.

30. Gender Parity Indices, 1970, 2003 Source: WB (2008) The Road Not Traveled

31. Gini Coefficient of Average years of Schooling, 1975 and 2000 Becoming more equal in all countries! Source: WB (2008) The Road Not Traveled

32. Secondary School Enrollments OECD MENA Males MENA Females

33. Private and Social Returns to Education. R&W p. 119 Social is less than private (U. level) because of subsidies, opportunity cost of students’ time. Note: This table refers to a broad mix of countries, in and out of MENA. mt believes that this argument is getting less play in recent writing.

34. Rates of Return on Educational Investment. 2nd edition of R&W p. 118 Argues that there is over-subsidization of higher education, both because individuals should pay, and because ultimate return of more education, to society, declines.

35. Suggested Conclusions Nearly complete coverage of primary schools Gender gap, building in secondary levels Debate on bias against primary, for upper level schooling Rapid changes in the population scarce, oil rich kingdoms of Arabia Contemporary system built off previous system, linked to mosques Curricula don’t look that different from ours

36. Suleyman Demirel Born: 1924, into a peasant family. P.M. 1965-1971, late 1970s, 1991-2 President of Turkey 1993 - 2000 Studied engineering. During his presidency he supported NATO but opposed EU. Was forced to resign by military, who were worried about terrorism (PKK).

37. Demirel: Higher Education. Address at SUNY Binghampton, 2003. (selections)

38. Demirel ii

39. Demirel iii

40. Tertiary Education. 2001 or most recent data UNESCO Data http://www.unesco.org/

41. College Enrollment Rates, by Region & Gender Source: WDI data

42. Percentage Enrollment at Universities, early 2000s

43. Gender Parity Index of Tertiary Schooling, 1970, 2003 Significant improvements for women everywhere Source: WB (2008) The Road Not Traveled

44. Timelines of Higher Education in Egypt, Turkey, Iran

45. Universities in Lebanon • Lebanon has 15 universities of which the American University of Beirut (AUB) and the Lebanese American University (LAU) are internationally acknowledged. AUB is the first English university to open in Lebanon, while the first university to open was the French, Université Saint Joseph. The 15 universities, public or private, are mainly in Arabic, French, or English since the most widely used languages in Lebanon are: Arabic (official), French (official), English, and Armenian. Four of them are French, seven English, and one Armenian. Almost all these colleges teach in Arabic too. • American University of Beirut, Beirut. Beirut Arab University, Beirut • Islamic University of Lebanon, Khaldeh. Lebanese American University, Beirut. Notre Dame University, Zouk Mosbeh, Keserouan. • Université Antonine - Hadath-Baabda. Université Libanaise – Beirut. • Université Saint-Esprit de Kaslik Liban, Jounieh. Université Saint-Joseph – Beirut. University of Balamand Tripoli

46. Palestinian Higher Education Institutions, 2001/02 Source: http://www.usaid.gov/wbg/reports/asessmentfinal.pdf - no longer functioning

47. US-Palestinian University Partnerships • In 2000-2003, eight U.S.-Palestinian university partnerships were established to develop a new curriculum and better research methodology: • Four partnerships - the University of Oklahoma and Bethlehem University, Purdue University and Islamic University of Gaza, Calvin College and Birzeit University, University of Maryland Eastern Shore and Palestine Polytechnic Institute - concentrate on developing water resources. • - Other fields of focus are law (University of Georgia and Birzeit University), public policy (Georgia State University and An Najah University), public health (Johns Hopkins University and Al Quds University) and university administration (Utah State University and Arab American University in Jenin).

48. Riyadh: King Saud University Source:Guise, Riyadhp. 79

49. Riyadh: King Khalid Eye Specialist Hospital Source: Guise, Riyadh AAL DS 248 R7 G85 1988 Page 88

50. News Item (2004): Kuwait to build American University Generally, ‘American University’ means that a school is certified as having the academic qualifications of schools in the US. Classes are often given in English. These are private schools, and funding comes from tuition and local donors. The best-known schools are AUB in Beirut, and AUC in Cairo. In addition to this one in Kuwait, they also exist in Sharjah and Dubai.