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Temporal Processing of Sound Characteristics: A Developmental Perspective

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  1. Temporal processing Representation of the temporal characteristics of sound

  2. Temporal variation in sound carries important information

  3. Different measures of temporal processing mature at different rates • Gap detection • Duration discrimination • Forward and backward masking • Temporal modulation transfer function

  4. Level (dB) Level (dB) Time (ms) Time (ms) Gap detection Interval 2 Interval 1 Which one had a gap?

  5. Gap detection for infants Level (dB) Time (ms)

  6. Adult gap detection depends on frequency

  7. Level (dB) Frequency (Hz) Level (dB) Level (dB) Time (ms) Time (ms) Gap detection by infants: Werner et al. (1992)

  8. Gap detection by infants: Werner et al. (1992)

  9. Gap detection by children: Irwin et al. (1985)

  10. Gap detection by children: Wightman et al. (1988)

  11. Detecting gaps between Gaussian shaped tone bursts

  12. Gap detection between Gaussian shaped tone bursts

  13. Summary of gap detection

  14. Duration discrimination

  15. Adaptation Recovery Susceptibility to adaptation

  16. Susceptibility to adaptation

  17. Amplitude Adaptation Time Recovery Forward masking as a measure of susceptibility to adaptation

  18. Forward masking: Infants

  19. Forward masking: Children

  20. Backward masking Amplitude Time

  21. 1 adult unmasked threshold 0.9 Infant unmasked threshold 0.8 p(C) 0.7 0.6 Infants Adults 0.5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 Level (dB SPL) Backward masking: Infants

  22. Backward masking: Children

  23. Amplitude modulation: frequency and depth 25%, -12 dB 100%, 0 dB 10 Hz 10 Hz 20 Hz

  24. Temporal modulation transfer function

  25. -25 adults 3-month-olds -20 6-month-olds -15 -10 Modulation depth, 20 log m (dB) -5 0 1 10 100 512 Modulation frequency (Hz) TMTF: Infants

  26. TMTF: Children

  27. Summary of results on different measures • Gap detection: mature at 6 years • Duration discrimination: mature at 10 years • Forward masking: mature at 6 months • Backward masking: mature at 11 years • TMTF: mature at 4 years (3 months?)

  28. Summary There doesn’t seem to be one age at which all sorts of temporal processing are mature

  29. Possible additional contributors to immature temporal processing • Intensity resolution • Memory • Confusion • Decision strategy

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