Office of the Director Defense Research and Engineering

1. Office of the Director Defense Research and Engineering National Security Workforce Challenges: Current Initiatives Presented by Dr. Bill Berry Acting Deputy Under Secretary of Defense (Laboratories and Basic Sciences) 15 January 2005

2. A National Issue • “An Emerging and Critical Problem of the Science and Engineering Workforce”1 • 12 Major studies (1999-2004) make essentially the same point • A few studies did not consider security clearance needs and rely on relaxation of immigration rules • Growing need for U.S. citizens in national security activities 1. National Science Board Companion Paper to “National Science and Engineering Indicators 2004”, National Science Foundation, April 2004

3. U.S. Production of S&E Graduates* U.S. College and University Graduates, 1966-2001 1.5 1.0 (Millions) Baccalaureates 2001 1994 0.5 0.0 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 Academic year ending in . . . *Source: Data provided by the NSF, September 2003

4. U.S. University Trends in Defense-Related S&E Graduate Student Enrollment (1994-2001) *Source: National Science Foundation – Graduate Students and Post Doctorates in Science and Engineering: Fall 2001 Science Disciplines Aliens with Temporary Visas U.S. Citizens + Permanent Resident Aliens U.S. Citizen + Perm8 Yr. Delta Physics Chemistry Math/Applied Computer Sciences 1994 / 2001 +14.1% -9.9% Physics Physics Chemistry Chemistry -25.3% Math/Applied Math/Applied -27.2% Computer Sci. Computer Sci. Table I-2

5. U.S. University Trends in Defense-Related S&E Graduate Student Enrollment (1994-2001) Aerospace Chemical Electrical Engineering Science Industrial/Manufacturing Mechanical Metallurgical/Materials Nuclear 1994 / 2001 *Source: National Science Foundation – Graduate Students and Post Doctorates in Science and Engineering: Fall 2001 Engineering Disciplines Aliens with Temporary Visas U.S. Citizens + Perm. Resident Aliens U.S. Citizen + Perm 8 Yr. Delta -18.9% -33.0% -29.7% -49.1% -26.2% -24.7% Electrical Electrical Chemical Chemical -32.1% Aerospace Aerospace EngineeringSciences Industrial/Mfg. Metallurgy/Materials EngineeringSciences Industrial/Mfg. Metallurgy/Materials Mechanical Nuclear Mechanical Nuclear -21.7% Table III

6. DoD Scientists & Engineers (S&E) • “Attrition” in DoD labs: ~13,000 Science, Math, Engineering and Technology (SMET) departures projected within 10 years • The number of clearable students pursuing defense-related critical skills degrees is small and declining • Projected U.S. demand for S&E’s will be up 10% by 2010 (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2001) • DoD will have tough competition for best S&Es • Linguist needs in Science & Technology (S&T) also beneficial

7. DoD S&Es as % of Total Fed S&Es Source: Pre-release - OPM data for NSF pub, Table B-14. Federal scientists and engineers, by agency and major occupational group: 1999-2002

8. DoD Civilian S&E’s All DoD Civilians in S&E Occupational Series Source: DMDC Data for April, 2004

9. S&E Workforce Current Efforts Across DoD Pre-college (K-12) • Materials World Modules (Ray Pawlicki – Army) • STARBASE – (Ernie Gonzales – OSD-RA) • eCybermission – ( Kelly Stratchko – Army) Undergraduate • Awards to Stimulate & Support Undergraduate Research Education (ASSURE) (with NSF; Koto White – AFOSR) • Research Assistantships in microelectronics (with Semiconductor Industries Association) (Dan Radack – DARPA) • Science, Mathematics and Research for Transformation (SMART) (K. Thompson – DoD/Koto White - AFOSR)

10. Current S&E Workforce Efforts Across DoD Graduate • National Defense Science & Engineering Graduate Fellowships (NDSEG) • Naval Research – Science and Technology for Americas Readiness (N-STAR – with NSF, Bob Kavetsky – Navy) • SMART (Keith Thompson/Koto White – AFOSR)

11. SMART Program Components Science, Mathematics and Research for Transformation Congress Appropriated -- $2.5M FY 05 • Undergraduate/Graduate – US Citizens • Critical Skills areas • Institution independent • 2 years support – to achieve degree • Tuition, fees, books, lab expenses, room & board • Satisfactory academic performance • Work payback required

12. DoD Outreach Initiatives • ‘Taking the Pentagon to the People’ Outreach Initiative • Technical Assistance Workshops • Leadership Symposiums • Student Expositions & Luncheons • Exhibitions • Other DoD Sponsored events at Science & Engineer related conferences (WoC, Black Engineer, MAES, LULAC) • Partnerships & Task Forces • Student Luncheons & Orientations • Symposiums • H.S. & College Student Information & Recruitment Booths • DoD Laboratories & Centers of Excellence in Research

13. DoD Outreach Initiatives • Student & Faculty Employment Programs • Student & Faculty Internships & Fellowships • Paid & Volunteer • External Appointing Authorities/Programs (i.e. Outstanding Scholar, PMF) • Student Temporary Experience Program (STEP) • Student Career Experience Program (SCEP) • Summer Employment Programs • Workforce Recruitment Program for Students with Disabilities (WRP) • Disabled Veteran Employment Program • On-Site Campus Visits

14. Diversity in Context US employment population in 2003 • Total Workforce 137,736 (K) • 10.1% of total are SME Workforce (approx) • 46.8% of total are Women • 17.1% of total are Minority Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics http://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat9.pdf http://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat10.pdf

15. What Were Sep 2004 Civilian S&T End Strengths? 77,066 S&T CIVILIANS ASSIGNED TO DoD Other DoD 4% Distribution* by DoD Component • Army 25,745 33.4% • Navy 34,868 45.2% • Air Force 13,420 17.4% • Other DoD 3,033 3.9% Air Force 17% Navy 45% * May not add to 100.0% due to rounding Army 34% S&T WORKFORCE REPRESENTS 12% OF ALL DoD CIVILIANS

16. S&T Civilians Total DoD Civilians Sep 2004 Distributionof DoD Civilian S&T Workforce PERCENT FEMALE Females Make Up Two-Fifths of S&T Workforce

17. S&T Civilians Total DoD Civilians Sep 2004 Distributionof DoD Civilian S&T Workforce PERCENT NON-WHITE One-Fifth of S&T Workforce is Non-White

18. Critical Issues Remain • Keeping students on the Path • Capture them in the DoD and National Security Workforce • Attracting the “Underrepresented Majority” (women, minorities) to S&E careers

19. Backup

20. Awards to Stimulate & Support Undergraduate Research Education (ASSURE) • Joint DoD/NSF undergraduate research program based on National Science Foundation Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) site program • Support ~20 summer research sites in DoD relevant science and engineering (~10 students/site; avg. award 3 years; 8-10 weeks) • Army, Air Force, & Navy representatives select sites for DoD funding • Participants must be US citizens or permanent residents • Encourages participation of women, underrepresented minorities, & students from institutions where research opportunities are limited • Air Force is lead service for administering this program • FY04 ASSURE budget: $4.5M

21. eCYBERMISSIONShows Students that Math, Science and Technology can be interesting and exciting • Supports Army’s intent “to give back to the Nation” • Attracts an audience of children beyond math/science “stars” • Web-based adventure: team competition activities, games, puzzles with solid learning points • Overview • Web Based Competition – Team Effort • 6-9th Grade, 3-4 Student Teams + 1 Advisor • $500K in Prizes, ($2K-$5K/Team Member) Regional and National

22. STARBASE • Primarily At-Risk kids • 20 Classroom Hour experience at DoD bases • 45+ sites in 28 states • EngagingScienceand Mathematics • Grades 5-8

23. Secondary School Curriculum MS&E: National Security and the Workforce Northwestern University Materials World Modules (MWM) • Pedagogy integrates Inquiry and Design Inquiry cycle Design cycle • Identify question. • Propose explanation. • Create and perform • experiment • Based on results, • refine • explanation • Identify problem. • Propose design. • Build and test • prototype • Based on results, • redesign • product. • Students complete a series of hands-on,inquiry-basedactivities in each module • Each module culminates indesign challenges • Students simulate the work ofscientists(through activities that foster inquiry)andengineers(through activities that emphasize design) Goal: Working explanation Goal: Functional product Science Engineering 23

24. Troops to TeachersBackground • Began in 1994 as transition assistance program • Financial aid for 2 years (FY 94 & 95) • Provided placement assistance from FY 96 - 01 • Defense Authorization Bill of 2000 moved responsibility to Dept of Education • “No Child Left Behind Act of 2001” provides financial assistance, extends program thru FY 06

25. Troops to TeachersProgram Purpose • Recruit quality teachers for schools serving low-income families • Help relieve teacher shortages, primarily in Math, Science, & Special Ed • Assist military personnel in moving to second careers in K-12, public school teaching "America’s school children need you’’ Laura Bush, First Lady of the United States

26. 401+ (4) 201 - 400 (5) 101 - 200 (9) 51 - 100 (9) 26 - 50 (9) 0 - 25 (15) Where “Troops” Teach

27. 90% 58% 42% 10% Minority Hires Compared to All Teachers *NEA Report - Status of the American Public School Teacher 2000-2001

28. 79% 81% 19% 21% Gender Hires Compared to All Teachers *NEA Report - Status of the American Public School Teacher 2000-2001

29. “Troops” TeachingMath & Science • Incomplete data (~7500 “Troops” Teaching) • ~25% (1750) of the “Troops” are teaching Math & Science (all levels) • ~50% M&S “Troop” Teachers are Minority • Most of them are Male