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1914-1918: The World at War

1914-1918: The World at War. Differing Viewpoints. “Family Feud” “Fall of the Eagles” “The War to End All Wars” “The War to ‘Make the World Safe for Democracy’”. Causes of the War. #1: Tangled Alliances. Bismarck. Dual Alliance (1879)  Ger. & A-H

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1914-1918: The World at War

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  1. 1914-1918:The Worldat War

  2. Differing Viewpoints • “Family Feud” • “Fall of the Eagles” • “The War to End All Wars” • “The War to ‘Make the World Safe for Democracy’”

  3. Causesof theWar

  4. #1: Tangled Alliances Bismarck • Dual Alliance (1879)  Ger. & A-H • Three Emperors’ League (1881)  Ger, A-H, Rus.[secret pact not to fight each other] • Triple Alliance (1882) Ger, A-H, It. [now France is isolated—Bismarck is happy!] but what about Russia? • Reinsurance Treaty (1887)  restore relations between Ger. & Rus. • Franco-Russian Alliance (1894) • British-Japanese Alliance (1902) • The Entente Cordiale (1904)  Br.& Fr. • British-Russian Agreement (1907) Bismarck Wilhelm II 1888 Pan-Slavism

  5. 1882 1907 Triple Entente Triple Alliance Britain Russia Serbia Austria Hungary Germany Duel Alliance 1879 1904 1882 1894 1882 Italy France Alliances PRIOR to the WWI

  6. 1. The Alliance System Triple Entente: Triple Alliance:

  7. By 1914, the major powers of Europe had found themselves divided into two security alliances: Triple Entente • France • Great Britain • Russia Triple Alliance • Austria-Hungary • Germany • Italy

  8. World War I Great Britain wanted to maintain the balance of power

  9. Europe in 1914

  10. 2. Militarism & Arms Race Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s.

  11. 3. Economic Rivalries 4. Imperial Rivalries

  12. Tensions & Conflicts: 1873-1914 1. First Moroccan Crisis (1905) 2. Russo-Japanese War (1905) 3. The Anglo-Russian Convention (1907)  Persia 4. The Bosnian Crisis of 1908 5. Second Moroccan Crisis (1911) 6. The First Balkan War (1912) 7. The Second Balkan War (1913) Imperialism - Rivalries

  13. 5. Aggressive Nationalism

  14. World War I Germany and France both wanted to play a larger role in continental politics: Germany gain status as world power France regain control of Alsace-Lorraine

  15. Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914 The“Powder Keg”of Europe

  16. Congress of Berlin Protectorate 1889 Annexes it! 1908 Serbia

  17. War: The Setting, the Causes

  18. 6. Lack of an organization that could control problems among nations Quintuple Alliance Holly Alliance … Cooperation broke down … Rivalries increased….and….there were No “Peace Keeping” Organization!!!

  19. Causes of World War I • Nationalism: National needed to be upheld in all situations – No compromise • Imperialism: Colonies were absolutely necessary for national well-being • Militarism: The best solution to any international problem was military • Economic competition: Nations were in economic competition with each other • Alliance system: Europe was divided into two armed camps • Lack of International Diplomatic Order: No international organization existed; Diplomacy was arbitrary

  20. “Europe today is a powder keg andthe leaders are like men smoking in an arsenal. . . . Bismarck

  21. . . . A single sparkwill set off an explosionthat will consumeus all. . . .

  22. . . . Some damned, foolish thing in the Balkans will set it off.”

  23. The“Spark”

  24. Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

  25. The Assassination: Sarajevo

  26. The Assassin: GavriloPrincip

  27. Austria gives Serbia an“Ultimatum”Text: P362-363 • What was it? • Why did Austria present it? • What is meant by the phrase “Germany gave Austria a blank check”? • What were the results?

  28. Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers: Central Powers:

  29. Ottoman Empire Romania Greece 1914 1907 Triple Entente Triple Alliance 1916 Britain Russia Serbia Austria Hungary Germany Duel Alliance 1879 1904 1882 1894 1882 1914 Italy France Bulgaria 1914 1915 Japan Allied Powers Central Powers

  30. The Major Players: 1914-17 Allied Powers: Central Powers: Nicholas II [Rus] Wilhelm II [Ger] George V [Br] Victor Emmanuel II [It] Enver Pasha[Turkey] Pres. Poincare [Fr] Franz Josef [A-H]

  31. Who’s To Blame?

  32. The Schlieffen Plan

  33. German Atrocities in Belgium

  34. Mobilization • Home by Christmas! • No major war in 50 years! • Nationalism! It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!

  35. Recruitment Posters

  36. A Young Australian Recruit

  37. Recruits of the Central Powers A German Soldier Says Farewell to His Mother Austro-Hungarians

  38. New French Recruits

  39. A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

  40. Womenand theWarEffort

  41. Financing the War

  42. For Recruitment

  43. Munitions Workers

  44. French Women Factory Workers

  45. German Women Factory Workers

  46. Working in the Fields

  47. A Woman Ambulance Driver

  48. Red Cross Nurses

  49. Women in the Army Auxiliary

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