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XIV Refinery Technology Meeting Trivandrum, India 20-22 September 2007

Fuel Specifications & Alignment in Asia. XIV Refinery Technology Meeting Trivandrum, India 20-22 September 2007. Worldwide Road Transport Fuel Demand (2005). Source: Hart’s World Refining and Fuels Service, 2006. Growth of Vehicles in Asia Driving Demand.

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XIV Refinery Technology Meeting Trivandrum, India 20-22 September 2007

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  1. Fuel Specifications & Alignment in Asia XIV Refinery Technology Meeting Trivandrum, India 20-22 September 2007

  2. Worldwide Road Transport Fuel Demand(2005) Source: Hart’s World Refining and Fuels Service, 2006

  3. Growth of Vehicles in Asia Driving Demand Source: ADB 2002. Policy Guidelines to Reduce Vehicle Emissions

  4. Annual Mean Pollutant Concentration of Selected Asian Cities, 2003 Worsening Air Pollution in Major Cities in Asia • Major Asian cities are among the most polluted in the world • Particulate Matter is a major problem Source : CLSA & Civic Exchange, 2005

  5. Contribution of the Transportation Sector to Air Pollution • Transportation sector is the leading source of NOx, PM, CO, SO2 and volatile organic compounds all of which have significant negative effects on public health. • In addition CO2 emission is now a growing concern due to climate change.

  6. Automobile Exhaust Emissions (1 of 2) CO - Carbon monoxide – Produced by incomplete combustion. – Absorbed by the blood reducing its capacity to carry oxygen. NOx - Oxides of Nitrogen - 3 gases – Nitric Oxide (NO) – Nitrous Oxide (N2O) – Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) – Contribute to smog formation and can cause problems for people with respiratory illness

  7. Automobile Exhaust Emissions (2 of 2) HC - Hydrocarbons – Fuel constituents as result of incomplete combustion. – Contribute to ozone formation and some HCs are classified as carcinogens. PM - Particulate Matters – Tiny particles with solid core – PM10 are smaller than 10 millionths of a meter in diameter – Presumed to affect cardiovascular, respiratory and asthma sufferers

  8. How the Oil Industry & Automakers addresses Air Quality Concerns • Relationship between air quality, vehicle emissions, engine technology and fuels have been researched by the oil industry and automakers • Improvements in vehicle technology and better fuel quality have resulted in lower tailpipe emission contributing to better air quality worldwide. • How much further can existing vehicle technology and conventional fuels be improved to meet continued air quality and growing CO2 concerns ?

  9. Worldwide Fuel Specifications • Euro Standards • US Standards – ‘Boutique Fuels’ • Japanese Standard • Worldwide Fuel Charter

  10. Evolution of the Euro Standards • The Auto-Oil Programme (AOP) I & II was initiated to improve air quality in the EU. • The two AOPs have resulted in : • Tighter emission standards • Improved procedures for Inspection & Maintenance • Lead phase out • New petrol and diesel fuel quality standards – “Euro Standards”

  11. Euro Standards – Key Specifications for Petrol Source: International Fuel Quality Center

  12. EM g/km HC 1.0 Euro1 1O2S EM S<500 ppm TWC(13R) S<150 ppm EM OBD 2O2S 0.5 Euro2 TWC(13R) Euro3 EM S<50 ppm OBD 2O2S Euro4 CO NOx S/C(7R) 3 2 1 0 0.5 1.0 TWC(9R) Emission Levels from Petrol Driven Passenger Cars Better petrol fuel standards and new emission control technologies has significantly reduced tailpipe emission of harmful air pollutants.

  13. Petrol Quality Effect on Emissions

  14. Euro Standards – Key Specifications for Diesel Source: International Fuel Quality Center

  15. VE g/km EM HC Euro1 1.0 VE S<500 ppm EGR EM 0.5 Euro2 OC CR Euro3 S<350 ppm EGR Euro4 OC NOx CO EM 0 1.0 0.5 CR 3 2 1 S<50 ppm 0.05 EGR EM 0.10 OC 0.15 PM Emission Levels from Diesel Passenger Cars Similarly for diesel vehicles, tailpipe emission of harmful air pollutants in particular PM can be reduced with low sulfur fuels and new emission control technologies.

  16. Vehicle - Emissions LDV / HDV Diesel fuel-change CO HC NOx Particulates Reduction of: o o ? / o + / ++ Sulphur ++ / o ++ / - o / + ++ / -- Density - / + + / o + - / o Poly-Aromatics o / - - / -- - / o Back End Distillation (T95) + / o Increase of ... o - / o +++/++ +++/+ Cetane Number } ± + ++ +++ - -- --- 2-10 % 10-20 % > 20 % Improvement or Deterioration o Effect 2 % Diesel Quality Effect on Emissions

  17. Air Quality Improvements in EU • As a result of technological innovations and better fuel quality, air quality in Europe has significantly improved and will continue to improve in the future. Emissions from Road Transport in Europe Source: Auto Oil Program Report

  18. Future Developments in the EU • Sulphur reduction – presence of sulfur hampers the development of exhaust after treatment technologies. • Increase in the usage of oxygenates (ethers – MTBE and ETBE, alcohol – ethanol) • Reduction in Polyaromatic hydrocarbon content of diesel • Biofuels - biodiesel

  19. Japan South Korea Taiwan Vietnam Philippines Malaysia Singapore Thailand China Myanmar EU North America Lead Removal Volatility Controls & Oxygenate Introduction Initial Benzene & Sulfur Reduction Olefin & Aromatic Content Limits Sulfur Elimination & Additional Composition Controls Introduction of Renewable Fuels (Biofuels) Objective: Control Emissions of Traditional Air Pollutants Objective: CO2 Reduction Global Fuel Quality Status Source: International Fuel Quality Center

  20. Fuel Specifications in Asia – Current Status • Different countries at different levels of development • Most countries adopt Euro model as it is a proven model and easy to understand • Most countries in Asia have phased out lead and are at Euro 2 fuel quality level • China and India have two tier fuel standards, a more stringent one in major cities.

  21. Emission Standards are Getting Tighter in Asia

  22. Fuel Quality Roadmaps in Asia

  23. Sulphur Level in Fuels across Asia

  24. Fuel Specifications Trends in Asia • Most countries have roadmaps up to 2010 • Korea, Singapore, Taiwan and Hong Kong already have Euro 4 fuels • China, India and Thailand to have Euro 4 equivalent fuels by 2010/2012 • Partnership for Cleaner Fuels and Vehicles (PCFV) has adopted an objective of 50 ppm for sulfur levels in petrol and diesel by 2010 for Asian countries

  25. Fuel Specifications Trends in Asia • Leapfrogging from Euro 2 to Euro 4 fuel & emission standards are being considered due to good technical and financial sense • Refinery expansions are being based on Euro 4 standards • Some Asian countries where air pollution from transport is severe are considering Euro V standards • Incentives given to produce cleaner fuels • Fuel quality monitoring is essential, especially where different fuel standards exist in the same country

  26. Harmonized Standards across Asia • Reduction in complexity for the oil industry and automakers • Security of supply • ASEAN- METI(Japan) Economic and Industrial Cooperation Committee (AMEICC) Working Group on Cleaner Fuels has called for non binding commitment for Euro 2 in 2006 and Euro 4 in 2010-2012 • Alignment of Standards to Euro 4 Standards not expected until after 2012.

  27. Source : OECD/IEA 2006 Share of Biofuels in Road Transport Fuel Consumption

  28. Clean Fuels – Cleaner Air • Clean fuel enable the after treatment technologies needed to reduce exhaust and greenhouse gases • Cleaner fuel can immediately reduce air pollution levels across the entire vehicle population

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