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Lecture 3 Vocabulary size and in-depth knowledge

Lecture 3 Vocabulary size and in-depth knowledge. Luo Ling 13767741969 109883613@qq.com. Outline. Mental lexicon How many words do we need? Vocabulary size test How to expand vocabulary size? What do we mean by in-depth knowledge? How to test in-depth knowledge?

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Lecture 3 Vocabulary size and in-depth knowledge

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  1. Lecture 3 Vocabulary size and in-depth knowledge Luo Ling 13767741969 109883613@qq.com

  2. Outline • Mental lexicon • How many words do we need? • Vocabulary size test • How to expand vocabulary size? • What do we mean by in-depth knowledge? • How to test in-depth knowledge? • How to develop in-depth knowledge? • The study on vocabulary

  3. Mental Lexicon

  4. Mental lexicon • the mental state of knowledge about words. • It specifies how a word is spelt, pronounced, its parts of speech and what it means. • But it is convenient to think of the lexicon as containing not the meaning of words, but the pointers to those meanings.

  5. The significance of the lexicon • Many linguistic theories put the lexicon in a central place.

  6. Levelt maintained that the lexicon is the DRIVING FORCE in sencence production. • Formulation processes are lexically driven. • This means that grammatical and phonological encodings are mediated by lexical entries.

  7. The lexicon is also important in comprehension, especially oral comprehension, which, in turn, facilitates L2 acquisition. (Why?)

  8. If words can’t be isolated from the speech stream and if lexical information can’t be used to interpret the utterances, then the input will not be comprehended.

  9. How many words do we need? • For daily communication: • 2000 word family for a coverage of 99% • Schonell( 1956,引自Adolphs & Schmitt, 2003 )

  10. Vocabulary size test • To answer the question “How much do you know?” • How to? • Stratefied sampling • Word association test

  11. http://www.wordsandtools.com/vocdemo/gzram3.html • 1 matter carpet hat mumble screw substance no answer • 2 pay colour lazy money mud ugly no answer • 3 towards baby castle direction rounded under no answer • 4 involve develop free include rotate wound no answer • 5 game bird fish instrument play tree no answer • 6 wish clean desire fast hag pull no answer • 7 paint colour drink forest river weak no answer • 8 share colour dear divide house stool no answer • 9 pressure admiration certainty force happiness valuable no answer • 10 available at hand charming difficult occupied reasonable no answer • …

  12. How to expand vocabulary size? • The process of learning a word: • Initial encounter->form recognization->form-meaning relations->in-derth knowledge • memorization based on 艾宾浩斯curve • Vocabulary learning strategies • Guessing from context • Word formation • …

  13. In-depth knowledge—Word Knowledge: what does it mean to know a word? • Spoken form Receptive & • Written form Productive • Conceptual meaning dimensions • Word associations • Grammatical behaviour • Collocational behaviour • Frequency • Stylistic register constraints

  14. Relations among meaning, grammatical behavior and collocational behavior Meaning1—gram.behavior11—collo.behavior111 —collo.behavior112 … —gram.behavior12—collo.behavior121 —collo.behavior122 … Meaning2—gram.behavior21—collo.behavior211 ………

  15. How to test in-depth knowledge? • Test of word knowledge • Knowledge Scale • Vocabulary Knowledge Scales • State Rating Tasks

  16. Eichholz and Barbe's test of word knowledge • Unknown ..0.........1.........2.....|....3.........4.........5.. Known • 0 A word at this stage is completely unknown. • 1 I have seen or heard, but have shown little reaction to it. • 2 The word is about to reach the threshold of action. • 3 I have looked in a dictionary, asked about, or guessed at the meaning of the word. • 4 The word has become a part of my words available for use. • 5 The word has become part of my active vocabulary.

  17. D'Anna and Zechmeister's Knowledge Scale • 1 I have never experienced the word before • 2 I have seen or heard the word before, but do not know its meaning • 3 I have either seen or heard the word before and have a vague idea of its meaning • 4 I would be able to recognize the meaning of the word if given the word in a multiple- choice test which included the correct meaning and several incorrect meanings • 5 I know the meaning of the word well enough to give its definition.

  18. The Vocabulary Knowledge Scale from Wesche and Paribakht (1993) • I: I don't remember having seen this word before • II: I have seen this word before but I don't know what it means • III: I have seen this word before and I think it means ________ (synonym or translation) • IV: I know this word. It means __________ (synonym or translation) • V: I can use this word in a sentence. e.g.: ___________________ (if you do this section, please also do section IV)

  19. Rob Waring’s State Rating Tasks • Understanding • 0 I am sure I don't understand this word • 1 I am not sure I understand this word • 2 I am quite sure I understand this word • 3 I definitely understand this word • Use • 0 I am sure I can't use this word • 1 I am not sure I can use this word • 2 I am quite sure I can use this word • 3 I definitely can use this word.

  20. How to test productive in-depth knowledge? • 本页测试的动词是：turn • 答题说明：以下测试的都是多义的常用动词，请在下面“意思”一栏用中文写出该动词的尽可能多的不同意思。动词的各种意思之间用法也可能不同，请在“例句”一栏写出该意思下尽可能多的不同用法的例子；动词的各种可能用法请参考附表，其中共有18种不同的用法。你可以先写意思后写例句，也可以先写例句后写意思。 • 记分方式：每个不同的正确意思1分，每个正确的例句2分（拼写错误不扣分）。 • 意思 例 句 • 1. • 2. • …

  21. 一些可能的动词语法模式示例 • 语法模式 例句 • 1．V（为不及物动词，不跟直接宾语） He’s sleeping. • 2．V及物+名词/代词 I enjoyed the book/it. • 3．V+名词+动词-ing They heard someonelaughing. • 4．V+名词+动词-ed I want this workfinished by tomorrow. • 5．V+名词+ to 动词 I asked herto go with me. • 6．V+名词+形容词 They believed himguilty. • 7．V+名词/代词+名词/代词 They considered this offera big improvement. • 8．V+名词+（to）动词（省略to的不定式） We saw him leave.

  22. 9．V+名词+that 从句 I told himthat I would be late. • 10．V+名词+wh-从句 Tell us why you did it. • 11．V+ to 动词 We decided to go. • 12．V+动词-ing Please stop talking. • 13．V+that 从句 I think that he had heard the news. • 14．V +形容词 He looks young. • 15．V+副词 He went abroad last year. • 16．V+介词 I live in Guangzhou. • 17．V+as if 从句 It looks as if you’ve got a job. • 18．V+wh-从句 I can’t decide which one I like most.

  23. How to test receptive in-depth knowledge? • 本页测试的动词是：turn • 答题说明及记分方法：下面每个句子中的划线部分代表测试词的一种用法，有的正确，有的错误。如果你认为该用法（仅指划线部分）正确，在前面括号内打勾，并将测试词在该句中的中文意思写到后面的“意思”栏。如果你认为该用法错误，在前面括号打叉，不用翻译单词意思。如果你不确定正确与否，则空着不选。单个单词意思不好翻译时，翻译整个句子。 • 计分方法：每个正确的判断得1分（正确的用法前打了勾，错误的打了叉），每个错误的判断得-1分（正确的用法前打叉，错误的用法前打勾），不作判断得0分；每个正确的意思得1分，错误的意思得0分。

  24. 正误 短语或例句 意 思 • ( ) All of the students turned looking at him. • ( ) They asked the driver to turn the bus around. • ( ) The road turned to the right sharply. • ( ) I heard the key turn in the lock. • ( ) The whether turned quite cold in the afternoon. • ( ) If not trained（训练） properly, an elephant may turn man-killer. • ( ) He turned 40 in March. • ( ) Now turnto page 45. • ( ) My stomach would turn at the sight of blood. • ( ) The milk turned sour.

  25. How to develop in-depth knowledge? • For high-frequency words: • Know what needs to know: meaning, grammatical patterns and typical collocation, stylistic features,… • Be sensitive to these aspects in reading and listening. • Check dictionary whenever necessary.

  26. The study on vocabulary • From size to depth • From passive to active words • From written to spoken • From accuracy to pragmatic competence • Corpus-based

  27. Thank you!

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