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Explore the fascinating world of early civilizations, from prehistoric cultures to the rise of Mesopotamia. Discover the clues left behind by ancient peoples and learn about the development of writing, agriculture, and civilization.
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Bellringer • What is history?
Prehistoric Cultures • What is prehistory? • Prehistory is the period of time before writing. • We know of this history because of clues left behind. • Some of these clues are: where they prepared food, made tools, built shelters, and conducted ceremonies. • Some of the items are known as artifacts. Some examples are: bowls, jewelry, fish hooks, baskets, hairpins. • The scientist who study these items are called archaeologists. Differentiate between a fossil and an artifact.
“The Great Migration” • During the ice age, the sea level was lower than it is today, because most water was locked in frozen glaciers. • This exposed areas of land that are covered in water today. • One of these areas was in present-day Siberia and Alaska where the Bering Strait is located. • As hunters and gathers roamed in search of food, they crossed the newly exposed Bering land bridge. • This is known as Beringia. People migrated over a period of a thousand years and eventually reached South America.
Prehistory • Prehistory has 3 eras. • The Paleolithic Era – Paleo means “old” and lithic means “stone”: this era is also known as “the old stone age.” • The Mesolithic Era – Meso means “middle”: this era is known as the middle stone age • The Neolithic Era – Neo means “new”: this era is known as the new stone age
Paleolithic Era 10,000 B.C. and 6,000 B.C. • B.C. means before Jesus Christ was born • A.D. means “anno domini” which is Latin for “in the year of our Lord.” • The Paleo people were a nomadic people. • They traveled in small groups (hunters and gatherers) and followed the animals that provided food and clothing. These people were known as “nomads” or wanderers. • These people used three inch stone tipped spears to hunt for large animals.
Mesolithic Era 7500 B.C. to 2000 B.C. • Climate changed and some large animals began to die out which resulted in the Meso people (hunters and gatherers) hunting smaller animals like deer and rabbit. • They adapted their hunting weapons for smaller game. • They were still nomadic, but they stayed in one place longer. • They built more permanent houses made of branches and post in the ground. • These people also built earthen mounds for ceremonies. These people were known as “moundbuilders.”
Neolithic Period 2000 B.C. – A.D. 800 • Because of agriculture which includes farming and domestication, the Neo people began to stay in one place longer. • Domestication is the training of an animal for human use. • As they began to farm, they began to cultivate (harvest) a surplus of crops. This surplus allowed for specialization. • The Neo people began to specialize in certain things such as pottery. This led to the development of civilizations.
Civilizations • A civilization should include: • A system of government • Religion • Customs and Traditions • Social Division • The Poverty Point Indians developed one of the earliest civilizations which was formed on the North American Continent. It consist of earthen mounds. This area is located in West Carroll Parish between Monroe and Vicksburg. • The Poverty Point Indians traded with other Neolithic civilizations from as far as the Great Lakes region.
STOP • Move into the Louisiana Early Native American Power Point • The remaining notes on world history will be taught as review before LEAP.
Ancient Civilizations of the World4000 B.C. to 1000 B.C • Mesopotamia- means the land between the rivers • The two rivers are the Tigris and the Euphrates • Mesopotamia is located where modern day Syria, Iraq, Lebanon and Israel are today. • This region that contained Mesopotamia is called the Fertile Crescent because of its rich (fertile) soil and its curved shape. • This is where civilizations began! • The Fertile Crescent is a plain. Describe the geographic characteristics of a plain?
Ancient Civilizations of the World4000 B.C. to 1000 B.C • Sumerians • The stable food supply of the Sumerians allowed them to develop specialization. • They developed a written language which was used to keep records for business and trading purposes. • Eventually this style of writing evolved from pictures to symbols called cuneiform. • Sumerians were polytheistic. In order to honor their gods, they built ziggurats. • They had a class system made up of kings, tradesmen, land owners, wealthy business people, artisans and slaves.
Ancient Civilizations of the World4000 B.C. to 1000 B.C • Babylonia (2100 B.C. to 1100 B.C.) • This civilization revolved around the city of Babylon. • They had the first written code of law called the Code of Hammurabi • This is based on an eye for eye justice system; the strong should not oppress the weak • Archaeologists have found evidence that the Babylonians made advancements in mathematics, law, and literature. • Famous for the Hanging Gardens of Babylon which is one of the Seven Wonders of the World
Ancient Civilizations of the World4000 B.C. to 1000 B.C • Egypt (3100 B.C. to 332 B.C.) • The Egyptian civilization developed along the Nile River which is the longest river in the world and flows from south to north (there is a higher elevation in the southern part of the river; water moves from high to low land) • Egyptians developed a type of irrigation to water their crops using canals. What is a canal?
Ancient Civilizations of the World4000 B.C. to 1000 B.C • Egypt (3100 B.C. to 332 B.C.) • Egyptians were polytheistic. Their pharaohs were considered to be gods on earth. Even after death, their pharaohs remained gods. • Pyramids were built as a tomb for the gods. Pharaohs were buried with their possessions to be used after death. • Their written language was known as hieroglyphics • Hieroglyphics were not interpreted until the discovery of the Rosetta Stone in 1799AD. • It had one message in three languages: Coptic, Greek and Hieroglyphics
Ancient Civilizations of the World4000 B.C. to 1000 B.C • Indus Valley (2500 B.C. to 1750 B.C.) • In India near the Indus River • Focused around two cities: Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro • We do not know the names of these two civilizations so, we named them after the areas they live in. • They built dams and canals for irrigation • They created the worlds first drainage and sewer system • They also had garbage collection! • Why is the creation of a sewer system and garbage collection considered a great technological advancement?
Ancient Civilizations of the World4000 B.C. to 1000 B.C • China(5000 B.C. to present) • Located on the Yellow River (2nd largest river in China); Huang-He actually means the Yellow River • Why do you suppose that the Yellow River is colored yellow? • Dynasties were the foundation of government. • They were based on the ruling families of China • Qin and Shang are the two largest Dynasties • Chinese discovered silk which is from cocoons spun by silkworms. • Created a trade route between Asia and Europe known as the Silk Roads. • The Great Wall of China was built as many separate walls over a 2,000 year period. It was completed in 221 B.C. when the first emperor of China linked the walls into to one long wall. • The purpose of the Great Wall was to keep out invaders.
Classical Traditions, Religions and Empires of the World1000 B.C. to 300 A.D. • Greeks • In early Greece, the civilization was divided into separate city-states which were not united. • Each city state developed their own culture. Sparta and Athens were the two most important city-states. Sparta focused on military strength (movie 300) where as Athens focused on intellectual developments. This contrast resulted in the Peloponnesian War • Athens focused on intellectual developments in literature, math, art, and science. • Under the leadership of Pericles, Athens developed the first form of Democracy. Pericles is considered the father of democracy. • What is a Direct-Democracy? • Is there any existing Direct-Democracies in the world today?
Ancient Greece Ancient Greece
Classical Traditions, Religions and Empires of the World1000 B.C. to 300 A.D. • Greeks • The Acropolis was a temple of Athena, the major god of Athens.
Classical Traditions, Religions and Empires of the World1000 B.C. to 300 A.D. • Greeks • Greek architecture used three types of columns • Doric Ionic Corinthian • Where might you find columns in your life today? • What vocabulary word is this called?
Classical Traditions, Religions and Empires of the World1000 B.C. to 300 A.D. • Greeks • Social classes were different in every city-state • Athens had a direct democracy which was made up of a council of men. The city council was limited to citizens. Other classes of people included workers and slaves (not African). • Sparta classes are based on military ranks. Conquered people became slaves. Women were middle class.
Classical Traditions, Religions and Empires of the World1000 B.C. to 300 A.D. • Greeks • Alexander the Great (Ruled from 336 B.C. to 323 B.C.) • Only 20 years old when he became king • Alex was from Macedonia, not Greece. • His father Philip had conquered Greece and Alex became king when his father was assassinated. • He studied under Aristotle • Alexander’s studies under Aristotle led to him having a respect for Greek culture. • As Alex conquered new lands, he spread Greek culture to new areas • This is called _______________________________?
Classical Traditions, Religions and Empires of the World1000 B.C. to 300 A.D. • Romans – located along the Tiber River on the Italian peninsula • Government • The Roman Republic was established in 509 B.C. • In a republic, citizens have the right to vote on their leaders. • Elected leaders are called representatives and participate in a governing body called the Senate. • What similarities do you see with the United States government?
Classical Traditions, Religions and Empires of the World1000 B.C. to 300 A.D. • Romans • Julius Caesar was a Roman general who conquered land for the empire including most of present day France • As he won more victories, his power grew ultimately resulting in Caesar becoming a ruler for life (emperor) of Rome • He was assassinated by the Senate members to save the republic • After Caesar was assassinated, a civil war broke out. This ended the republic. • The nephew of Julius, named Octavian, requests to be the next ruler of Rome and promises to restore the Republic. • However, the Senate knew that this was an act. They were forced to agree or be attacked by Octavian’s army waiting outside the Senate room. • Octavian became Augustus Caesar, emperor of Rome. “Augustus” means beloved by all people.
Classical Traditions, Religions and Empires of the World1000 B.C. to 300 A.D. • Romans • PaxRomana • Means roman peace and lasted 200 years beginning with the rule of Augustus Caesar . • During this time trading grew and the lives of the Roman people improved. • During this time period the Roman leaders maintained an empire that spanned across 3 continents: Africa, Europe and Asia.
Classical Traditions, Religions and Empires of the World1000 B.C. to 300 A.D. • Romans – 12 Tables (Roman Code of Law) What connections can you make to the Bill of Rights?
Classical Traditions, Religions and Empires of the World1000 B.C. to 300 A.D. • Roman Alphabet • Was influenced by alphabets in earlier cultures such as the Phoenicians and Greeks. • This is the alphabet that we use today. • Examples of words we still use today: exit, versus, curriculum, data • Their oral language was Latin.
Classical Traditions, Religions and Empires of the World1000 B.C. to 300 A.D. • Roman Roads • Concrete roads were developed to aid the transportation of military troops and supplies. • 50,000 miles of concrete roads were built in the Roman Empire. • “All roads lead to Rome” • The most famous was the Appian Way which was 350 south and east of Rome. • What famous road in United States history was built to increase the speed in which we travel? This development was during the Industrial Revolution.
Classical Traditions, Religions and Empires of the World1000 B.C. to 300 A.D. • Roman Architecture • Included arches which were most visible in their water system known as aqueducts. This water system carried fresh water into the city of Rome. • The Romans took great pride in their sports which is why many sports stadiums in the U.S. are modeled after the Roman Coliseum.
Classical Traditions, Religions and Empires of the World1000 B.C. to 300 A.D. • Roman • The Romans also included domes in their architecture.
Classical Traditions, Religions and Empires of the World1000 B.C. to 300 A.D. • Romans • The Roman empire was divided into two separate empires so that it was more effectively governed. • The western portion of the empire retained the name of Rome. • The eastern portion of the empire became known as the Byzantine Empire, also known as “new Rome”. • The Capital of “new Rome” was Constantinople which was named after the Roman Emperor Constantine. • Constantine tried to reunite the empire during his reign. However, after his death, it split again. • Constantine was the first leader in the world to legalize Christianity in the Byzantine Empire
Classical Traditions, Religions and Empires of the World1000 B.C. to 300 A.D. • Byzantine Empire • Justinian is one of the most famous leaders of the Byzantine Empire • Justinian attempted to reunite the Roman Empire and expanded his empire • Justinian altered the Roman Code and made them more clear • It created a more fair and central government • Today, the “Justinian Code” is the basis of many legal systems
Classical Traditions, Religions and Empires of the World1000 B.C. to 300 A.D. • Persians (550 B.C. to 330 B.C) – located in the fertile crescent which is present-day Iran and Afghanistan • Largest empire in the ancient world and was divided into 20 provinces linked by a system of roads. Each province had their own ruler. • Cyrus the Great – He was governor of a province who took over as emperor. Within a 15 year time period, he conquered almost all the ancient world from the Indus River to the Nile River. • Cyrus was tolerant of the people he conquered. He freed the Jews from slavery in Babylon. • Darius – his conquest of India brought Central Asian culture to South Asia
Classical Traditions, Religions and Empires of the World1000 B.C. to 300 A.D. • Other Persian accomplishments • Did not invent coins but used them widely • Famous for Persian rugs
Classical Traditions, Religions and Empires of the World1000 B.C. to 300 A.D. • Phoenicians 2000 B.C. to 800 B.C. • Lived in small-city states along the Mediterranean coast in what is now Lebanon. • They were famous for their purple dye. The dye was so beautiful and expensive that only the wealthy could afford it. This color has been associated with royalty. • The greatest invention of the Phoenicians was the alphabet. Each symbol represented a sound. Before this alphabets were based on pictures. This is the alphabet and phonics system of today in the United States.
Classical Traditions, Religions and Empires of the World1000 B.C. to 300 A.D. • Phoenicians 2000 B.C. to 800 B.C. • They traded with many others. • Their sailing skills were developed as they looked for raw materials and new markets to sell their products. Europe Asia Africa
