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Chapter 9: Early Years of America: 1776-1789

Chapter 9: Early Years of America: 1776-1789. Articles of Confederation 1781-1789. The Constitution: 1789-present. Thomas Jefferson’s self-composed epitaph……. “Here was buried Thomas Jefferson Author of the Declaration of Independence Of the Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom

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Chapter 9: Early Years of America: 1776-1789

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  1. Chapter 9: Early Years of America: 1776-1789 Articles of Confederation 1781-1789 The Constitution: 1789-present

  2. Thomas Jefferson’s self-composed epitaph……. “Here was buried Thomas Jefferson Author of the Declaration of Independence Of the Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom And father of the University of Virginia” Born April 2, 1743 Died July 4, 1826

  3. The Letter to the Danbury (Conn) Baptist Ministers…….. “Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between man & his god, that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship, that the legitimate powers of government reach actions only, and not opinions, I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, thus building a wall of separation between church and state.” -President Thomas Jefferson, 1802

  4. Early ideas in the United States of America………… • Was the revolution radical????? • Strong anti-Brit/Tory sentiment……80,000 Tories flee • Primogeniture laws eliminated • Anglican Church disestablished in Virginia, becomes “Episcopal” • 1786….TJ’s Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom • Slavery • most Northern states abolished slavery in State Constitutions • 1775 Quakers establish anti-slavery society • “slavery” clause removed from Declaration • Women • no suffrage, except New Jersey • “Remember the Ladies” goes unheeded • Republican Motherhood- unselfish commitment to common • good, especially in raising sons to be virtuous members • of the Republic

  5. A Semi-Revolution I advocate a semi-revolution. The trouble with a total revolution (As any reputable Rosicrucian) Is that it brings the same class up on top. Executives of skillful execution Will therefore plan to go halfway and stop. Yes, revolutions are the only salves, But they’re one thing that should be done by halves. -Robert Frost

  6. Republican Motherhood: 1776-1800……..family portrait by Charles Wilson Peale

  7. Republican Motherhood Today

  8. Politics in the New Nation • Fundamental Law…..State Constitutions • Articles of Confederation approved in 1781 (after states rescind land claims) • Capitals move west (inland) • NY-Albany • VA- Richmond • NC- Raleigh • SC- Columbia • GA- Atlanta • Loyalist property redistributed • States write Constitutions (except RI & Conn we keep charters)

  9. Articles of Confederation (1781-1789) A. Features 1. no executive of judicial branch 2. 1 state= 1 vote 3. legislation= 2/3 vote, amendment=unanimous (never done) 4. Power to tax remained at state level 5. could not regulate interstate commerce State govts power Taxation Coining money Est. courts Engage in war (w/Congress consent)

  10. Positive legacies of the • Articles of Confederation…… • Necessary step • Kept Union intact, albeit weak • Future powers established-treaties, postal • Land Ordinance 1785…section 16=schools • NW Ordinance….banned slavery, • territory to state 60,000

  11. Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Written by Th. Jefferson

  12. Foreign Challenges • Britain • no commercial treaty, dumping • Brits cut off West Indies • No British diplomats sent • Western forts still occupied, loyalists not compensated • Spain • 1784 opened Latin American ports, closed New Orleans • Claimed Florida and West Florida (later a conflict) • France • demanded payment of debt • restricted trade in West Indies • Barbary Pirates • no tribute paid, terrorism on High Seas • .

  13. Troubles in………………..Paradise……………………. • Debt problems- govt cannot obtain loans, credit bad • Newburgh Conspiracy 1783…..Washington specs save day • Currency- hard currency to Britain in trade • Continentals face hyperinflation • State currencies not accepted by others • Commercial Difficulties • Interstate taxes • No British bounties for Indigo, Naval stores • High demand for British goods = dumping • Practical Difficulties • 1. 1783- W. Penn soldiers invade Philly, demand backpay • similar to Paxton Boys of 1764 • 2. Shays’s Rebellion….1786….1500 protest • Demonstrates weakness of Confederation….

  14. . "Gentlemen, you will permit me to put on my spectacles, for I have not only grown gray but almost blind in the service of my country.“ –GW @ Newburgh, 1783

  15. Paxton Boys, 1764

  16. Shays’s Rebellion Massachsetts, 1786

  17. “The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants.” -Thomas Jefferson

  18. Constitutional Convention (1787), Philly All states represented, except RI double distillation…….wealthy….1/2 lawyers 55…..guarded…….”demigods”-TJ GW Chair…Franklin 81…Madison 36….Hamilton 32 Missing: Pat Henry…Sam Adams….John Adams…TJ

  19. ….. Motives Strong national govt, a republic, not democracy (dirty word) Control tariffs Improve commerce & travel w/navy Quell rebellions (stronger military) Improve domestic economy

  20. . Compromises 1. Great Compromise- Bicameral Legislature Senate…treaty powers House…declare war, power of purse 2. Electoral College 3. 3/5 Compromise 4. Elastic Clause…..Art I: “necessary and proper” clause.

  21. …Protections against mobocracy 1. 3 Branches- checks and balances 2. Judges appointed for life 3. Senators elected by state legislatures (until 17th Amendment) 4. Electoral College 5. Federalism

  22. The Electoral College established by the Constitution

  23. 9th Amendment……….. The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. The modern day layman's translation of this would be: The listing in the Constitution of certain rights, shall not be understood to deny or diminish other rights kept by the people.. .. .. The Tenth Amendment…….. “Powers not delegated to the United States or denied to states are reserved to the states or to the people.”

  24. Battle for Ratification 1787-1789 Federalists v Anti Federalists The Federalist Papers by John Jay, Alex Hamilton, James Madison 9 states needed to ratify……when promised a Bill of Rights, approved

  25. "Besides the advantage of being armed, which the Americans possess over the people of almost every other nation, the existence of subordinate governments, to which the people are attached and by which the militia officers are appointed, forms a barrier against the enterprises of ambition, more insurmountable than any which a simple government of any form can admit of." - Federalist Papers, No. 48, February 1, 1788

  26. "If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary. In framing a government which is to be administered by men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the next place, oblige it to control itself." - Federalist Papers, No. 51, February 8, 1788

  27. …democracies have ever been spectacles of turbulence and contention; have ever been found incompatible with personal security or the rights of property; and have in general been as short in their lives as they have been violent in their deaths. Theoretic politicians, who have patronized this species of government, have erroneously supposed that by reducing mankind to a perfect equality in their political rights, they would at the same time be perfectly equalized and assimilated in their possessions, their opinions, and their passions. -Madison, Number 10

  28. …….On the Electoral College………. It was equally desirable that the immediate election should be made by men most capable of analyzing the qualities adapted to the station and acting under circumstances favorable to deliberation, and to a judicious combination of all the reasons and inducements which were proper to govern their choice. A small number of persons, selected by their fellow-citizens from the general mass, will be most likely to possess the information and discernment requisite to so complicated an investigation. -Hamilton, Number 68

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