Unit 4: The Early Republic, 1789 - 1815

1. Unit 4: The Early Republic, 1789 - 1815 APUSH Unit 4: The Early Republic, 1789 - 1815 Mrs. Baker

2. Skills… • Understand the sequence of political events in the early republic. • Explain reasons why the republic did not collapse under the pressure it faced. • Analyze the development of the market economy and explain its impact on America. • Predict the future direction of the American republic. • Explain the fundamental challenges to the American republic in the years of the early republic.

3. Unit Breakdown… • Federalist Presidencies • George Washington • The 1st… • John Adams • Constitutional challenges • Democratic-Republican Presidencies • Also known as Jeffersonian Democrats • Thomas Jefferson • Stretching the bounds of the new nation. • James Madison • War of 1812

4. The 1st Session of Congress • Executive Departments • Constitution authorizes the president to appoint chiefs of departments • Creation of cabinet • Secretary of State = Thomas Jefferson • Secretary of Treasury = Alexander Hamilton • Secretary of War = Henry Knox • Attorney General = Edmund Rudolph • Federal Court System • Judiciary Act of 1789 • Established a Supreme Court with one chief justice and five associate justices • Empowered to rule on the constitutionality of decisions made by state courts. • Provided for a system of: • 13 district courts • 3 circuit courts of appeals.

5. George Washington: (1789-1796)

6. Alexander Hamilton’s Financial Plan • Immediate issue  correct U.S. financial difficulties • Hamilton presents a comprehensive plan for stabilizing U.S. finances • Pay off national debt at face value and have federal government assume the war debts of the states (assumption) • “Report on the Public Credit” • Protect the young nation’s “infant” industries and collect adequate revenues at the same time by imposing high tariffs on imported goods • “Report on Manufactures” • Create a national bank for depositing government funds and for printing banknotes that would provide the basis for a stable government. • First Bank of the United States

7. Opposition to Financial Plan • Thomas Jefferson • James Madison • Anti-Federalists • Feared that the states would lose power to the extent that the central government would gain the power. • Viewed Hamilton’s entire program as enriching a small elite group at the expense of the more worthy common citizen. Leads to the formation of Political Parties

8. Adoption of Financial Plan • Debt • Paying off national debt at face value • Assumptionof state war debt • U.S. capital moved to an area located on the Potomac River • Named Washington, D.C. after Washington’s death. • Tariffs and excise taxes • Tariff rates set by Congress were lower than original design • Excise tax passed to raise enough money to pay off the government debts. • Focused particularly on whiskey. • National Bank • Privately owned bank • Federal government was a major shareholder • Allowed government ability to print paper currency and use federal deposits for business. • Protective Tariff rejected

9. Foreign Affairs under Washington

10. Impact of the French Revolution • Significance: • Single most important issue separating Federalists and Democrat-Republicans • Issue: • U.S. – French alliance remained in effect • Although it was an alliance with the French monarchy, not with the revolutionary republic. • Choosing sides: • Jefferson and his supporters sympathized with the revolutionary cause • Argued that since the British were seizing American merchant ships bound for French ports, the US should join in on the side of the French revolutionaries • Federalists were frightened by the scope of violence and were calling for neutrality.

11. Proclamation of Neutrality, 1793 • Washington believed the young nation was not strong enough to engage in a European war. • Beginning of US neutrality • Proclaimed U.S. neutrality toward the war between Britain and France • Warned citizens to be impartial to both France and Britain • American Reaction: • Jefferson enraged • Resulted from Washington not consulting Congress • Federalists supported decision

12. “Citizen” Genet • Objecting to Washington’s policy, “Citizen” Edmond Genet, French minister in U.S., broke all normal rules of diplomacy. • Appealed directly to the American people to support the French cause • Acted were deemed outrageous, even by Jefferson • Washington demanded his immediate removal. • French government approved request and he was recalled to France • Genet remained in U.S. and married an American • Eventually became a U.S. citizen

13. Background The Treaty • British remained in their northern posts on American soil. • Provided arms and alcohol to Natives, who in turn attacked American settlements • British navy seized American merchant ships • Impressed hundreds of Americans into service for the British navy. • Chief Justice John Jay was sent to Britain to negotiate a deal. • America won few concessions • Provisions: • British renewed pledge to remove their posts on U.S. soil • British consented to pay damages for recent seizures of American ships. • British refused to guarantee against future maritime seizures and impressments or • The inciting of Native Americans to violence on the frontier Jay Treaty (1794)

14. Reasons for Treaty The Treaty • Normalized relations with Spain. • Spanish motive: fearful of an Anglo-American alliance • Declining power in Europe • Declining position on the American frontier • Sought to appease Americans • Granted free navigation of the Mississippi to the U.S. • Included the right to deposit at port city of New Orleans • Yielded large area north of Florida that had been in dispute for over a decade Pinckney Treaty (1795)

15. Domestic Issues under Washington

16. Causes Battle of Fallen Timbers • American settlers crossed the Alleghenies and moved the frontier steadily westward into the Ohio Territory. • Native Americans resisted the westward movement • Americans angered by evidence that the British were providing the Natives with arms and encouraging them to attack. • General Anthony Wayne led the U.S. to victory in Northwestern Ohio • Fallen Timbers was the climatic battle in August 1794. • Defeated the Shawnee, Wyandot, and other Natives • Treaty of Greenville, 1795 • Native American surrendered claims to Ohio Territory • Promised to open up to settlement • Britain abandoned forts in Ohio Northwest Native Americans

17. Whiskey Rebellion • Response to Whiskey excise tax created under Hamilton’s financial plan • Who?:Small frontier farmers • Where?:Western Pennsylvania • Why?: Major distillers of whiskey due to their production of corn • What happened?: • Farmers refused to pay excise tax • Beat up federal marshals and threatened to secede from Union • Federal response: • Washington sent 15,000 troops to put down the rebellion How are the results of this rebellion different from Shay’s Rebellion?

18. Primary Source Reading….Washington’s Farewell Address • What are the key points and arguments made by Washington in his Address?

19. Washington’s Farewell Address (1796) • Assisted by Hamilton, retiring president wrote a farewell address for publication in newspapers. • Enormous impact because of Washington’s prestige. • President spoke about policies and practices he considered unwise. • He warned Americans: • Not to get involved in European affairs • Against the United States making “permanent alliances” in foreign affairs • No to form political parties • To avoid sectionalism

20. Birth of Political Parties

21. Federalists • Alexander Hamilton, John Adams • Led by merchants, bankers, and lawyers living primarily in New England • Favored strong central government • Interpreted the Constitution loosely • Loose constructionists • Implied powers • Believed in government by elite, educated, and wealthy • Anglophiles = Pro-England • Favored Hamilton’s financial policies: • Support of the Bank of the US • America must have credit for industrial development, commercial activities, and the operations of government, • Full payment of the national debt • Passed the Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) • Individual rights could be limited • Vision for the US = • Trade center, industry, and self-sufficient nation

22. Democrat-Republicans • Thomas Jefferson, James Madison • Led by planters, farmers and wage earners living primarily in the South and West • Decentralized government • “Ideal citizen”  yeoman farmer • Favored strong state governments over a strong national government. • Interpreted the Constitution literally • Strict constructionists • Enumerated powers • Rule by the educated masses • Francophiles = Pro-French • Opposed Hamilton’s financial policies • Especially against the Bank of US • Bill of Rights sacred • Passed the VA and KY Resolutions in response to Alien and Sedition Acts • Vision for the US = • Agricultural society with little trade and industry

23. How does the arguments over Hamilton’s financial plan promote a division in American politics? Were political parties inevitable in American society?

24. John Adams: (1797-1801)

25. Election of 1796

26. Election of 1796 – Results

27. Background Result • Troubles abroad related to the French Revolution. • French directory angered by the Jay Treaty. • Saw as a violation of the Franco-American Alliance • French warships began seizing U.S. merchant ships • President sent delegation Paris in 1797 • Secretly approached by 3 go-betweeners • Agents X,Y,Z • French demanded a bribe as a basis for entering into negotiations • Americans refused to pay and negotiations broke down • Created war hysteria and led to… • Undeclared Naval Warfare with France, 1798 – 1799 XYZ Affair

28. Alien and Sedition Acts • Purpose: • Federalists passed a series of oppressive laws in 1798 that would reduce the power of Jeffersonian Republicans • Alien Acts • Attack on pro-Jeffersonian “aliens” • Raised residence requirements for U.S citizenship from 5 years to 14 years • President empowered to deport “dangerous” foreigners • Sedition Acts • Anyone who impeded the policies of government or falsely defamed its officials would be liable to heavy fine and imprisonment • Direct violation of 1st Amendment of Constitution

29. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions • Led by Jefferson and Madison • Republicans were convinced Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional • Jefferson and Madison secretly created a series of resolutions • Jefferson = V.P. at time. • Premise of resolutions: States had the right to nullify unconstitutional laws passed by Congress • Nullification: individual states were the final judges of whether a federal law was unconstitutional • Later used successfully by southerners to support nullification and led to secession.

30. The “revolution of 1800”

31. The Election of 1800

32. The Election of 1800

33. The Federalist Legacy • Highest concentration of brains, talent, and ability in a party than any other in U.S. History. • Party of the ELITE • Built enduring political and financial foundations for the new government • Diplomats kept the U.S. out of war and signed advantageous treaties with Br. Fr. & Sp. • Preserved democratic gains of the Revolution and fended off anarchy. • Opposition to party resulted in creation of two-party system. • Federalist demise a result its inability to adapt to changes • Westward movement dictated fresh policies • Unwilling to adjust and appeal to the common people.

34. AssessmentQuestion • Discuss the characteristics (political, social, and economic beliefs) of the Federalists and the Democrat-Republicans. • Explain the relationship between those beliefs and the approach of the these political factions to: • Hamilton’s economic program • The Whiskey Rebellion • The formation of Democratic-Republican societies • The Alien and Sedition Acts • The Kentucky and Virginia resolutions.