Ch. 18 PPT Renewing the Sectional Struggle

1. Ch. 18 PPT Renewing the Sectional Struggle Kansas Nebraska Act Compromise of 1850

2. Theme:Sectional conflict over expansion of slavery erupted after the Mexican-Am War and was temporarily quieted by the Compromise of 1850, but Douglas’s 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act created another explosion.

3. Popular Sovereignty • Popular Sovereignty: sovereign people of a territory, under the principles of the Constitution, should themselves determine the status of slavery. • Some agreed because it went along with the democratic tradition of self-determination. (Territories decides for themselves). • It was also a compromise ofCongress, making the decision whether to ban or allow slavery. • Negative point according to the North: it might serve to spread slavery.

4. Election of 1848 • Democratic candidate: General Lewis Cass • “popular sovereignty” • Avoided slavery issue • Whig Candidate: Zachary Taylor “Hero of Buena Vista” • Never held office or voted for pres. • Avoided slavery issue • Free Soil Party Candidate: Martin Van Buren • Anti-slave members of the Liberty and Whig Parties. • Pro Wilmot Proviso • Advocated federal aid for internal improvements-roads

5. Free Soil Party • “Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Labor, Free Men!” • Had “conscience Whigs” who condemned slavery on moral grounds. • Laborers can’t compete with slave labor. • Condemned slavery for destroying chances of free white workers to rise up from wage earning dependence to self-employment. • Foreshadowed emergence of Republican Party.

6. 1848 Presidential Election Results √

7. GOLD Discovered in CAAt Sutter’s Mill, 1848 John A. Sutter

8. TMWK 18 1. Pg 392 Describe the geographic location of the California “Gold Rush country.” 2. Pg 393 Describe how the miners in Placer “mined” for gold.

9. 1849 California Gold Rush 49er’s

10. “Gold Rush in California” • Thousands rushed to CA to strike it rich! • People made a profit off of the miners: laundry and other personal services. • Many lawless men and virtue less women. • High rates of crime, robbery, violence, and murder. • 1849: CA drafted Constitution -prohibited slavery and applied for admission to Union. • Outraged Southern Politicians: tipped balance of 15. • CA became free state, NM & Utah wanted admission as free state - set precedent for Mexican cession lands.

11. Concerns of The South in 1850 • Desire to maintain balance of slave vs. free. • Texans threaten to seize territory east of Rio Grande and north to the 42nd parallel. • Agitation for the District of Columbia to abolish slavery. • Wanted more effective Fugitive Slave Law. • 1850: South losing about a 1,000 slaves due to runaways/underground railroad. (leads to Fugitive Slave Law).

12. Underground Railroad • Chain of “stations” to help runaway slaves escape to the North (Railroad terminology used). • Harriet Tubman: illiterate runaway slave who went back to South 19 times to help other runaway slaves, and her parents to escape. • Tubman known as “Moses.”

13. Senatorial Giants: Clay, Calhoun, Webster John C. Calhoun Henry Clay The “Great Compromiser” Daniel Webster

14. Twilight of Senatorial Giants: Clay, Calhoun, Webster who supported Compromise • Henry Clay: North and South should compromise. North should give in by allowing fugitive slave law. • John C. Calhoun: Leave slavery alone. Return runaway slaves. Give South its rights as a minority, restore political balance. Had idea of electing 2 presidents: one each from North and South – each with veto power. • Daniel Webster: March 7,1850 famous speech – argued to give concessions to the South, including a fugitive slave law. His speech helped turned the tide so North would compromise. He thought CA wasn’t good for farming.

15. Deadlock, then Compromise • William H. Seward: against slavery, against concessions to South, Christian lawmakers should obey God’s moral law as well as man’s law. • God’s moral law is an even “higher law” than Constitution. • 1850 Pres Taylor dies. VP Millard Fillmore becomes pres. Congress debated for 7 months, then Compromise of 1850 was passed. Pres. Fillmore signed the compromise measures. • Southerners who met in Nashville condemned the compromise.

16. Tmwk 18 3. Pg 394 Map Before the compromise of 1850, what area was in dispute between Texas and New Mexico? 4. Chart pg 397 What did specific statesreceiveor settle upon in the Compromise of 1850? 5. Pg 399 Map After the Compromise of 1850, describe the geographic location of the slave states and the free states.

17. Compromise of 1850

18. What did the Compromise of 1850 do?

19. Resolving the Texas Border Dispute

20. Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 • Called “Bloodhound Bill”. • Fleeing slave can’t testify on their own behalf & were denied trial by jury. • Feared this would set a precedent for whites. • Federal Commissioner in charge of case received $5 if slave was freed, $10 if not (like a bribe). • Northerners who aided slaves to escape faced heavy fines and jail sentences. • Created more abolitionists. • Personal Liberty laws passed.

21. Who got the better deal from this Compromise? North did! • CA came in as free state - tipped the balance of power permanently. • Territories of New Mexico and Utah open to slavery through popular sovereignty – state votes to determine if they would be slave or free • Environment of territories supported free soil.

22. Impact of Compromise of 1850 and Fugitive Slave Law • Debate gave North time to accumulate material and moral strength for war. • Bolstered Yankee (Northern) resistance to secession. • South angry because North failed to enforce Fugitive Slave Law. • Many moderates moved to join the anti-slaveryites. • Massachusetts: made it a legal offense for any state official to try to enforce the new federal law. • Other states: passed “personal liberty laws” which denied local jails to federal officials and otherwise hampered enforcement of the compromise bill.

23. Election of 1852 • Democrat Candidate: Franklin Pierce - strongly endorsed Compromise of 1850 and the Fugitive Slave Law • Whig Candidate: Winfield Scott – supported the Fugitive Slave Law • Free Soil Candidate: John P. Hale • Democrat Franklin Pierce won the election. Marked the end of the Whig party • National parties lessened. Sectional political partiesrose.

24. Attempt to Spread Manifest Destiny • Cuba: Pres. Polk considered offering $100 million for Cuba, but Cuba refused. • 2 attempts made (Southerners involved) to attack and take Cuba: failed. • Why would Southerners want to take over Cuba? • American ministers met secretly in Belgium to work to acquire Cuba. Drew up the Ostend Manifesto which offered $120 million for Cuba. • Northerners found about the secret scheme so Pres Polk dropped the scheme.

25. Diplomacy with Asia • Pres Tyler sought to secure trade with China. • 1844 Treaty of Wanghia: first formal diplomatic agreement between US and China for trading terms/rights. Result: opened opportunity for American missionaries to China. • Under Pres Fillmore, Commodore Matthew Perry negotiated treaty with Japan. • 1854 Treaty of Kanagawa with Japan: provided proper treatment of shipwrecked sailors, American coaling rights, establishment of consular relations.

26. TMWK 6. Pg 405map and paragraph: What was the 1853 Gadsden Purchase? 7. Pg 407 What was the purpose for Congress to pass the Kansas Nebraska Act of 1854?

27. Transcontinental Railroad:Gadsden Purchase • Land transportation badly needed to Western part of US. Solution: build Transcontinental railroad • Where should it be built – in North or South? • James Gadsden: a railroad man, negotiated a treaty with Mexico.1853 Gadsden Purchase: Mexico ceded southern parts of Arizona and New Mexico to U.S. for $10 million. • Southern railroad easier to build than Northern one because mts less high - route would pass through organized territories that had federal troops to protect from Indian tribes.

28. What was the 1853 Gadsden Purchase?

29. How did the Kansas Nebraska Act of 1854DO AWAY with compromise?

30. Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854 • Purpose of the law was to create two new territories for an opportunity to build a railroad line. • Stephen Douglas introduced the legislation to go against Gadsden Purchase. • Territory of Nebraska would be split into two territories: Nebraska and Kansas. • Slavery issue settled by popular sovereignty. • Kansas most likely slave, Nebraska free • Problem: contradictedMissouri Compromise of 1820 (which forbid slavery in the proposed Nebraska territory, north of the 36’ 30 line) • Missouri Compromise of 1820 was repealed

31. Fallout from Kansas-Nebraska Act • Southerners supported the Kansas Nebraska Act and Northerners resisted. • Led to violence - “Bleeding Kansas”. • Destroyed Compromise of 1850. • Increased tension over Fugitive Slave Law. • Paved way to Civil War.

32. TMWK 8. Discuss: Do you believe Stephen Douglas was an instigator of war because he introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act? OR was war inevitable even if the Kansas-Nebraska Act hadn’t been enacted? Give evidence, details, and examples for your opinion.