New World Beginnings

1. New World Beginnings Chapter 1 Pages 4-27

2. Bering Land Bridge • Existed c.12,000-14,000 years ago and connected Asia to North America. • Nomadic hunters follow animals across the bridge and migrate south. • Disperse throughout North and South America.

3. Early Civilizations • Nomadic Hunters in North and South America go through the Neolithic Revolution. • Systematic domestication of plants and animals. • People begin to settle in groups that turn to villages, then towns, then cities, then civilizations.

4. Early Civilizations • Mayas: Existed in the Yucatan Peninsula (modern day Mexico, Guatemala and Belize) • Aztecs: Existed in Central Mexico (modern day Mexico City) • Incas: Existed in the Andes Mountains along the west coast of South America (modern day Peru) • Various Indian Tribes

5. What’s Going on in Europe? • While civilizations in North and South America are flourishing, Europe is inching toward the Age of Discovery. • Remember: Ancient Times Middle Ages Fall of Rome (476 AD) You are here

6. Age of Exploration • Remember, history is always cause and effect. • What happened in the Renaissance Era that led to the Age of Exploration?

7. 1. The Crusades • Crusades: 11th-14th centuries when Christians and Muslims battled over the Holy Land (Jerusalem) • European Christians were introduced to Asian spices, silks, perfumes, dyes and drugs. • Europeans love these items, which are deemed as luxury due to their rarity.

8. 2. Fall of Constantinople • 1453: Ottoman Empire attacks the Byzantine Empire. • The Byzantine capital, Constantinople, falls to Muslim Ottomans, who re-name it Istanbul. • This takeover severs all European-Asian trade routes. Where else will we get out spices, silks and drugs?!?

9. 3. Marco Polo • Italian Explorer who claimed to have spent 20 years in China. • Traveled along the Silk Road and met with Kublai Khan (grandson of Genghis Khan). • Inspired several explorers, especially Christopher Columbus.

10. Pre-Columbian Explorers • Egyptians? Egyptian hieroglyphics and artifacts have been found in the Grand Canyon in Arizona. • Leif Ericson: 11th century Viking explorer who landed in Newfoundland at L’Anse aux Meadows. • Chinese? Argue that Zheng He founded the New World in 1421, 70 years before Columbus.

11. New Routes to Asia • Due to the fall of Constantinople, Europeans needed to find new trade routes to Asia. • Portuguese are the first to find an acceptable route by traveling around Africa. • Created caravel ships to take advantage of the west African winds. • They set up several trading posts along the African Coast.

12. Portuguese in Africa • With these trading posts, the Portuguese engage in the gold and slave trade. • Some 40,000 slaves were taken from West Africa by the Portuguese in the last half of the 15th century. • Slavery is not a new concept. Africans had been enslaving each other for centuries prior to European contact.

13. Portuguese in Africa • Slaves were typically prisoners of war. • Portuguese would intentionally separate family members. Why? • Portuguese put them to work on sugar plantations on the Canary Islands, Madeira, Sao Tome and Principe. • Though conquering Africa brought riches, it still wasn't the Portuguese goal. They must push onward.

14. Portuguese Explorers • Bartolomeu Diaz: rounded the southern most tip of Africa, the Cape of Good Hope, in 1488. • Vasco da Gama: reached India in 1498. Returned with jewels and spices.

15. Christopher Columbus • Maritime explorer for hire. • Was convinced that the quickest route to Asia was not around Africa, but to the west. • Columbus presented his idea to both Portugal and England, who declined. • He then took his crazy idea to the Catholic Monarchs, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain.

16. Christopher Columbus • Ferdinand and Isabella financed his western journey and gave him 3 ships: Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria. • Left Spain with 88 men on August 3, 1492, but had to stop in the Canary Islands for repairs. • On September 6th, they set sail again and land was sighted on October 12th. • Columbus was convinced he was on islands off the coast of Asia (East Indies) and named the people “Indians.”

17. Christopher Columbus • Columbus made a few mistakes… • He thought the world was smaller in size. • He thought Asia extended further east. • He thought the ocean was only 2,500 miles long. • Oh yeah, there are 2 freakin’ continents in the way!

19. Christopher Columbus • His crew landed on an island in the Bahamas naming it San Salvador. • They sailed around the Caribbean, visiting Cuba and Hispaniola (modern day Haiti and Dominican Republic) • On Christmas Day 1492, the Santa Maria crashed in Haiti. • The Spaniards took the ship’s wood and built the first settlement in the New World – La Navidad.

20. San Salvador La Navidad

21. Christopher Columbus • Visited the New World 3 more times before his death. • He brought cattle, swine, horses and sugar cane to the region. • Sugar cane thrived in the warm Caribbean environment and becomes a huge economic force. • He never knew he has founded a the New World. He always though they were just islands of the East Indies.

22. Treaty of Tordesillas • 1494 agreement between Spain and Portugal to split the “heathen lands.” • Everything east belonged to Portugal, everything west to Spain. • Portugal gained all the islands off Africa, but Spain came out on top with the majority of modern-day South America.

24. The Conquistadors • Spain wanted to monopolize on the New World and get all the goods before anyone else. • Spain sent conquistadors or conquerors in search of the 3 G’s • God • Glory • Gold

25. Conquistadors • The Americas were named for Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci, who was the first to claim that America was a continent. • Ferdinand Magellan: 1st to circumnavigate the globe from 1519-1522. • Juan Ponce de Leon: 1st to step foot in modern day US. Landed in Florida in 1513.

26. Conquistadors • Francisco Coronado: discovered the pueblos of New Mexicoand Arizona from 1540-1542. • Hernando de Soto: founded the Mississippi River from 1539-1542. • Hernan Cortes: 1521 destroyed the Aztecs in Mexico. • Francisco Pizarro: 1532 crushed the Incas in Peru.

27. Conquistadors • Flood Spain with gold and silver found in the New World. • Spain surpassed Portugal to become the wealthiest and most powerful European country. • Gold and Silver fueled the growth of capitalism and laid foundation for modern banking system.

28. Encomienda System • System of slave labor. • The Spaniards were to protect, educate and Christianize natives. • The natives would “pay them back” in labor. • Legal in the eyes of the Spanish government.

29. Pueblo Revolt • Set back Spanish expansion in North America for a decade. • 1680: Pueblo Indians in New Mexico revolt against Spanish rule, encomienda system and Christianity. • Pueblo’s killed 400 Spaniards and drove 2,000 settlers out of the region. • 12 years later, the Spaniards return and crush the rebellion and the Pueblos.

30. Columbian Exchange • Trade route between the New World (Americas) and the Old World (Europe). • Europe to Americas: sugar cane, bananas, cattle, pigs, sheep and horses. • Americas to Europe: maize, squash, pumpkins, beans, sweet potatoes, tomatoes and peppers

31. Columbian Exchange • In addition to food and livestock, diseases were also exchanged between the Old and New Worlds. • Europe to Americas: smallpox, yellow fever, influenza, malaria and typhoid fever. • Americas to Europe: syphilis

33. Diseases • Due to European diseases, native Indians die in droves because they have no natural resistance. • Most afflicted never laid eyes on a European. • Examples: • Population of Hispaniola in 1492: 1 million. 1542: 200 • Population of Mexico decreases from 20 mil to 2 mil in 100 years.

34. African Slavery • Spread of diseases kills off the majority of the native population and therefore the workforce. • The Europeans need new laborers and turn to Africa. • Most slaves are taken from Western Africa and are purchased in exchange for rum and guns. • Europeans see Africans as primitive and barbaric, therefore, slavery is justified.

35. Triangular Trade • Different from the Columbian Exchange because it includes Africa. • Africa to New World: Slaves • New World/Europe to Africa: Rum and guns • The demand for sugar cane fuels the slave trade. • Slaves travel along the Middle Passage to the New World. Many die along the way.

37. African Societies • Actually very civilized! • Traded with Mediterranean societies (ivory, gold, slaves) • Some practiced Islam • Others practice animism and ancestor worship • Matriarchal societies • Africans are used to working in the same environment and with the same crops, so they won’t die off in the New World.

38. Arrival of the English

39. Tudor Dynasty King Henry VII: (1485-1509) • Sent John Cabot to the New World in 1497. He was the first European to make contact with North America. King Henry VIII: (1509-1547) • Broke away from the Catholic church and converted to Protestantism creating the Anglican (aka Church of England) Church. King Edward VI: (1547-1553 • Only son of Henry VIII, died at 15.

40. Tudor Dynasty Queen Mary: (1553-1558) • Catholic “Bloody Mary” • Was married to the Catholic Monarch of Spain, Philip II. • When Mary dies, Philip loses his wife, his ally and his English throne. He is not happy. Queen Elizabeth I: (1558-1603) • Protestant Queen

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42. Queen Elizabeth I • Makes Protestantism permanent in England in 1558. • This angers the Irish Catholics, who had been under English control since Henry VIII. • Catholic Ireland and Catholic Spain attempt to band together and rise up against Elizabeth.

43. Queen Elizabeth I • Elizabeth’s troops, led by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, crush the Irish rebellion and confiscated more land. • Instead of enslaving the Irish, the English create a rigid separation from them. This will carry on to the New World. • The loss to an Irish ally angers Philip II further and he must exact revenge on Elizabeth!

44. Queen Elizabeth I • Under Elizabeth, English exploration is attempted. • 1583: Sir Humphrey Gilbert tries to colonize Newfoundland (in Canada), but dies at sea. • 1585: Sir Walter Raleigh (Gilbert’s ½ brother) landed on Roanoke Island off the coast of Virginia. • He named the territory after the Virgin Queen, Elizabeth.

45. Roanoke • First English settlement in the New World. • Raleigh brought colonists to the region, but they soon began to die off due to dwindling food supplies and Indian attacks. • In 1586, Raleigh tried again to establish a colony at Roanoke, bringing 150 men, women and children.

46. Roanoke • The second attempt at Roanoke faired as the first, constant starvation and Indian attacks. • The colonial leader, John White, is urged by colonists to return to England to explain their plight to Crown and beg for supplies. • He leaves behind 115 colonists and returns to England in 1587.

47. But….. There is a slight problem that will prevent John White from quickly returning to Roanoke with those much needed supplies…..

48. Spanish Armada • 1588: Philip decides to invade England with a fleet of 131 ships and 17,000 men. • After losing several naval battles, the Spanish fleet decides to return home. • Instead of turning around, they decide to circle around England and Ireland. Not a good idea.

49. Spanish Armada • When the fleet rounds Ireland, a storm comes in and pushes the ships into the rocky shore and 15,000 die. • England dubs the storm the “Protestant Winds” and claim that God is on Elizabeth’s side. • The Spanish Armada marks the end for Spain and the beginning for England.

50. England on Top! • Spain is not the dominant force in Europe in anymore. • England now has: • Strong state with a popular monarch. • Religious unity • Sense of nationalism and national destiny • Naval dominance • Spain had been destroying itself anyway with inflation from all the gold and silver from the Americas.