GY205 Weather and Climate

1. GY205 Weather and Climate Lecture 3

2. Moisture in the Atmosphere

3. Evaporation, Condensation,and Saturation • Air is saturated when evaporation and • condensation are in equilibrium

4. Saturation Vapor Pressure • Pressure exerted by water vapor when the • air is saturated

5. Temperature and Water Vaporin Saturated Air • As temperature increases, the amount of water • vapor in saturated air also increases

6. Specific Humidity • SH is the mass of water vapor present in a given mass of air • SH is unaffected by temperature

7. Relative Humidity • Relative humidity – amount of water vapor present compared to the amount that COULD be present at a given temperature • RH = SH / saturation SH x 100 • RH is expressed as a % • RH tells you how close the air is to being saturated, 100% RH = saturation • To change RH, change temperature and/or quantity of water vapor present

8. Temperature Affects Relative Humidity • With SH held constant: • Cooling the air increases RH • Warming the air decreases RH

9. Specific Humidity and Relative Humidity • With temp. held constant: • Adding water vapor will increase RH • Removing water vapor will decrease RH

10. Humidity and Comfort • In the winter we warm the air, lowering RH indoors and have to use a humidifier or we get dry skin • In the summer, we cool the air, raising RH and the excess moisture is removed by the air conditioner • Basements are often damp because they are cooler and thus have a higher RH than the rest of the house, so we use a dehumidifier to lower RH

11. Dew Point Temperature • The dew point is the temp. at which the air will become saturated • Always < or = to air temp. • The closer the air temperature is to the dew point, the closer the air is to saturation, and the higher the RH • Dew point >70°F is muggy; ~50°F is comfortable; <30°F is dry

12. Average July Dew Point Distribution

13. Average January Dew Point Distribution

14. If the air cools to the dew point temperature: • RH becomes 100% (the air is saturated) • Condensation will occur on any surface cooled to the dew point of the surrounding air • Dew will form (cold-can, fogged bathroom mirror) • If dew point is <32°F, frost will form by deposition

15. Mythbuster • Dew does not “settle” onto a surface, it forms directly on the surface • Frost is not frozen dew, it forms by deposition directly from water vapor

16. Remember Phase Changes? • Evaporation absorbs heat • Condensation releases latent heat

17. How Refrigerators/Dehumidifiers Work • Compressor (B) raises pressure of refrigerant gas, causing it to heat up. • Gas flows through coils, dissipating heat. As at cools, it condenses to liquid. • Liquid passes through expansion valve (C) into low-pressure environment, causing evaporation. Gas passes through coils inside the frig, absorbing heat, lowering temp. • Gas moves back to compressor to repeat the cycle.

18. Processes that Change Air Temp. • Diabatic processes – heat is added to or removed from a system • Adiabatic processes – temperature changes without adding or removing heat • Adiabatic processes occur as a result of the compression or expansion of a gas • Compression increases temp., expansion lowers temp.

19. Adiabatic Processes in the Atmosphere • Adiabatic processes are responsible for forming clouds, a type of fog, and some wind systems

20. Adiabatic Lapse Rates • A parcel of air rises at the DALR until it is cooled • to the dew point, above that it rises at the WALR

21. Measuring Relative Humidity and Dew Point • Sling Psychrometer – evaporative cooling on the wet bulb lowers its temp • Drier air allows more evaporation thus a greater wet bulb depression indicates lower RH • Psychometric tables used to convert readings to RH and dew point • (They got the diagram wrong!)

22. Hair hygrometer – hair expands and contracts in response to changes in RH (bad hair days)

23. Clouds and Fog • Clouds and fog are composed of tiny droplets of water suspended in the air • When air is cooled to the dew point, condensation occurs, and liquid water forms on condensation nuclei • Condensation nuclei are hygroscopic aerosols (natural and anthropogenic) • Condensation nuclei are always abundant

24. Mythbuster • Clouds are made of liquid water droplets, NOT water vapor. Water vapor is an invisible gas.

25. Condensation Nuclei, Cloud Droplets, and a Raindrop

26. Types of Fog • Fog is basically a ground level cloud • Radiation fog – forms due to overnight radiational cooling • The ground cools, and lowers the temp of the air directly above it to the dew point

27. Advection fog – warm, humid air crosses a cold surface, loses heat, and is cooled to its dew point

28. Steam fog – forms when cold air moves over warmer surface, usually water • Evaporating water rises and is cooled by the cold air to its dew point

29. Upslope fog – air is forced uphill, and cools adiabatically to its dew point

30. Precipitation fog – rainfall raises relative humidity to saturation due to evaporation and cooling

31. Cloud Formation • Air is lifted and cools adiabatically • When it is cooled to its dew point condensation occurs, forming cloud droplets

32. How the Air is Lifted • Orographic lifting – wind rises up a topographic barrier

33. Frontal lifting – air rises along, or is pushed upward by, a front

34. Convergence – air flows into areas of lower pressure and rises

35. Localized convection – air is warmed at the surface and rises

36. Convection Depends on Atmospheric Stability • Stability – refers to the tendency of a parcel of air to resist rising • The air can be: • Absolutely stable • Absolutely unstable • Conditionally unstable

37. Lapse Rates Reviewed • Environmental lapse rate – change in air temperature with height • Dry adiabatic lapse rate – change in the temp of a rising, unsaturated air parcel • Saturated (wet) adiabatic lapse rate – change in the temp a rising, saturated air parcel • SALR<DALR due to the release of latent heat during condensation

38. Absolute Stability • An air parcel can not rise because it will always • be colder than the surrounding environment

39. Absolute Instability • A rising parcel of air will continue to rise, because it • is always warmer than the surrounding environment

40. Conditional Instability • An air parcel is stable if unsaturated; • it is unstable if saturated

41. Temperature Inversions • Layer of air with increasing temp with height • Forms on clear nights when the heat emitted by the surface easily escapes to space • Inversions place a cap on rising air parcels

42. Cloud Types • Clouds are classified by height and form • Heights: low, middle, high, or vertically developed • Forms: cumulus = puffy; stratus = flat, layered; cirrus = thin, wispy

43. Low Clouds • < 6000 feet • Stratus - flat, layered clouds, “gray skies” • Nimbostratus - stratus clouds producing precipitation • Stratocumulus - stratus with some vertical development Stratus Stratocumulus

44. Medium Clouds • 6000 - 19000 feet • “Alto-” prefix indicates medium • Altostratus - medium level stratus • Altocumulus - medium level cumulus; “sheep’s back” Altostratus Altocumulus

45. High Clouds • > 19000 feet, made of ice crystals • Cirrus - thin, wispy “mares’ tails” • Cirrostratus - filmy overcast; halos around sun & moon • Cirrocumulus - high puffy clouds; “mackerel sky” Cirrostratus Cirrus

46. Clouds w/Vertical Development • Cumulus - puffy clouds • Cumulonimbus - thunderstorm clouds, “thunderheads” Cumulus Cumulonimbus

47. GY205 Weather and Climate End of Lecture 3