The Parts of a Sentence

1. The Parts of a Sentence 512-520

2. Sentence or Fragment? • A sentence is a word group that contains a subject and a verb and that expresses a COMPLETE THOUGHT. • A thought is complete when it MAKES SENSE on its own.

3. Examples of Sentences • That DORK left his Jersey Shore DVDs at his crib. • For how many years was CLARENCE in jail? • What extraordinary COURAGE it takes for a man to get married! • Wait! • [The subject of this last one is understood to be YOU.]

4. Sentence Fragments • A sentence fragment is a word or group of words that MAY BE capitalized and punctuated as a sentence… • but does not contain BOTH a subject AND a verb OR does not express a complete thought.

5. Sentence Fragment Examples • Fragment: Athletes representing 8 schools. • Sentence: Athletes representing 8 schools competed in the event. • Fragment or Sentence? Between the towering mountain ridge and the wide ocean only a few miles away.

6. Exercise 1 (514) • 01. I would like … • 02. The town is… • 03. They have been… • 04. He is… • 05. C • 06. C • 07. The movie was better… • 08. C • 09. …children were… • 10. C

7. The Subject and Predicate • Sentences consist of two basic parts: subjects and predicates. • The subject tells WHOM or WHAT the sentence is about. • The predicate tells SOMETHING ABOUT the subject. • Note: 1) the sub. or pred. may be ONE WORD or more, and 2) the sub. may appear before, after or BETWEEN PARTS of the pred.

8. Subject/Predicate Examples • Everyone || watched The 13th Warrior. • S. P. • Throughout the day, || Joe || robbed six banks. • P. S. P.

9. Simple/Complex Subject • Simple Subject = main word (or word group) that tells WHOM or WHAT the sentence is about. • The coach of our curling team was arrested for robbing a bank. • Complete Subject = the simple subject + any words (or word groups) used to modify the simple subject. • The coach of our curling team was arrested for robbing a bank.

10. More simple/complex subject examples • Simple: Many scenes in the movie were violent. • Complex: Many scenes in the movie were violent. • Simple: The Burger King in Hanover burned down. • Complex: The Burger King in Hanover burned down. • Note: Burger King is a simple subject – 2 words, but one thing.

11. Simple/Complex Predicate • Simple Predicate (VERB) = main word (or word group) that tells something about the subject. • The coach of our curling team was arrested for robbing a bank. • Complete Predicate = verb and all the words used to modify the verb and COMPLETE its meaning. • The coach of our curling team was arrested for robbing a bank.

12. More simple/complex predicate examples • Simple: Have you tried platypus meat? • Complex: Have you tried platypus meat? • Simple: They chased me after the robbery. • Complex: They chased me after the robbery.

13. Compound Subject • Compound Subject = 2+ subjects that are joined by a conjunction and that have the SAME VERB. • HanoverandHortonare two small towns. • New York, Detroit, Philadelphia, orArizonawill win the World Series. • Note: these are not separate sentences.

14. Compound Verb • Compound Verb = 2+ verbs that are joined by a conjunction and that have the SAME SUBJECT. • Werobbed a bank andstashed the money in our backyard. • Theystole my identity, took my car andskipped the country. • Note: these are not separate sentences.

15. Difference between compound sub/verb and compound sentence. • Compound Sentence = 2+ independent clauses (these ARE separate sentences) • CMPD VRB: Joe and I like baseball but hate hockey. • CMPD SNT: Joe and I like baseball, but we hate hockey. • Note: cmpdsnts need a COMMA and a CONJUNCTION to join them.

16. How to find the subject of a sentence • Easiest way: find the verb, then ask WHO? or WHAT? in front of it. • The cat in the hat stole my car. • What stole my car? The cat. • In their eyes shone happiness. • What shone? Happiness shone.

17. Subjects in commands/requests • The subject of a command or request is always understood to be YOU, although it may not appear in the sentence. • [You] Read your book and turn your homework in on time. • Get up off my grill!

18. Subjects are never in prepositional phrases • Never. • Never. • A group of students from the high school were in the parade. • A group [of students] [from the high school] were in the parade. • Out of the stillness came the loud sound of laughter. • [Out of the stillness] came the loud sound [of laughter].

19. Subjects in questions • The subject in a question usually FOLLOWS the verb or part of the verb. • Didyoucut my car in half again? • When wereyou inside the Bermuda Triangle?

20. Here/There/Where – never subjects • They are adverbs. (They tell or ask where.) • Here is the money I stole. • What is here? The money is here. • There they are! • What are there? They are there. • Where’s my money, Brian!? • What’s where? My money is where?

21. Exercise 2 (519) • 01. men, women, children LIVED • 02. position GAVE • 03. anyone DID REFUSE • 04. group WAS • 05. people FLED • 06. they COULD TRAIN • 07. lessons WERE TAUGHT • 08. ninja SNEAKED, STRUCK • 09. warriors GAINED, WERE FEARED • 10. [you] HAND

22. The Parts of a Sentence Pt. 2(Complements) 520-527

23. Complements • Quite often we need more than just a subject and a verb for a COMPLETE THOUGHT. • They sent. • They sent us a fruitcake. • The students seem. • The students seem well educated.

24. The Direct Object • Direct Object (DO) = Noun or Pronoun that receives the action of an action verb. • To find the DO, ask “WHOM?” or “WHAT?” after a transitive verb. • If there’s an answer, it’s the direct object. (There isn’t always a DO.) • I forgot my homework. • “I forgot what?” I forgot my homework. • The dog bit Joe and me, and we got rabies. • “The dog bit whom?” The dog bit Joe and me. • “We got what?” We got rabies.

25. The Indirect Object • The Indirect Object (IO) appears BEFORE the DO and receives the DO. • To whom / to what (for whom / for what) • Mr. Bulgrien showed our class the movie. • He showed what? The movie (DO) • He showed it to whom? Our class (IO) • Give me my money! • Give what? The money (DO) • Give it to whom? Me (IO) • Tell Joe and me the truth. IO: ____________

26. Indirect Object – important note • Don’t confuse an indirect object (IO) with an object of a preposition (OP) • If it says “to ___” or “for ___” then it’s an OP. • Give me all of your money. • IO • Give all of your money to me. • OP

27. The Objective Complement • Objective Complement (OC) = word or word group that IDENTIFIES or modifies the DO. • The seniors elected Irvingpresident. • They elected whom? Irving (DO) • See how “president” identifies the DO? “President” is an OC.

28. More Objective Complements • Only a few verbs can have OCs. Just “consider” and “make” and other verbs that can be REPLACED by “consider” and “make.” • They call him their boss. • They [consider] him their boss. • They consider whom? Him (DO) = identified: their boss (OC) • Paint my room red. • [Make] my room red. • Make what? My room (DO) = modified: red (OC) room.

29. Exercise 3 (524) • 01. appeal DO • 02. tons DO • 03. homes DO • 04. meal DO; special OC • 05. candles DO • 06. hobbyists IO; pastime DO • 07. you IO; steps DO • 08. candles IO; scent DO • 09. wax DO; colors OC • 10. mine DO; blue & white OC

30. The Subject Complement • Subject Complement (SC) = word or word group in the predicate that identifies or describes the subject. It is linked to the subject by a LINKING VERB. • Two types of SCs: • Predicate Nominative (PN) • Predicate Adjective (PA)

31. Predicate Nominative (PN) • A predicate nominative is a word or word group in the predicate that identifies the SUBJECT or refers to it. They can be NOUNS, pronouns or a group of words that function as a NOUN. • PNs are linked to the subject by a LINKING verb. • remember the linking verbs: • am, is, ARE, was, WERE, BE, being, been • and any verbs that make sense when replaced by the ABOVE verbs.

32. PN examples • Subjects in bold || PNs underlined • You are students. • “students” is linked to subject, identifies it • Of all the dancers, Marcelo was the most experienced one. • Pronoun “one” linked to/identifies subject • Some day Joe will be a criminal. • The two candidates for class treasurer are Iriving and I.

33. Predicate Adjective (PA) • A predicate Adjective is an adjective in the predicate that modifies the SUBJECT or refers to it. • PAs are linked to the subject by a LINKING verb. • Not sure if it’s a PA? Try putting it right in front of the subject. Does it modify it?

34. PA examples • Subjects in bold || PAs underlined • The ocean is calm. • calm ocean – so it’s an ADJ. • Does that year-old milk taste good? • That car didn’t look phat. • Most freshmen are noisy, creepy and annoying.

35. One more note about PN/PA • For emphasis, sometimes we place these before the subject and verb. • PN: What an outstanding teacherMr. Flint was! • PA: I was shocked at how talentedshe is!

36. Mnemonic devices worksheet

37. Exercise 4 (526) • 01. IS species (PN) • 02. FEEL concerned (PA) • 03. WAS discoverer (PN) • 04. IS author (PN) • 05. SOUNDED beautiful (PA) • 06. GREW restless (PA) • 07. WAS active (PA) • 08. IS icy (PA) • 09. DOES TASTE spicy (PA) • 10. IS work (PN)

38. Review A (526) • 01. Both … cooking • 02. have … preparation • 03. me • 04. developed • 05. favorites • 06. traces • 07. is, was born • 08. thick, spicy • 09. lobsters • 10. morsels

39. The Pts of Sentences Pt. 3(Classification of Sentences) 527-533

40. We classify sentences according to purpose • There are four types of sentences: • Declarative • Interrogative • Imperative • Exclamatory

41. Declarative • Makes a STATEMENT • Ends in a PERIOD • “I’m planning to cut his car in half again.” • “My dog would make a good platypus hunter.”

42. Interrogative • Asks a QUESTION • Ends with a QUESTION mark • “Pardon me, but do you have any Grey Poupon?” • “What is your favorite color?”

43. Imperative • Makes a request or gives a COMMAND • Most imperative sentences end with a PERIOD, but strong commands end with an EXCLAMATION POINT • The subject of an imperative sentence is always “YOU.” • “Hand me my platypus rifle.” • “Shut your noise hole!”

44. Exclamatory • Shows excitement or expresses STRONG FEELING • Ends with an EXCLAMATION POINT • “Oh, snap! You got burned, Dawg!” • “Wow! What a hottie!”