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Decolonization and Independence in Africa and Asia circa 1900-1990

Decolonization and Independence in Africa and Asia circa 1900-1990. Push for Freedom from European Imperialism. Stage 1 European Imperialism Ends. Europeans leave or forced out Power Vacuum created- no one is in charge Internal conflict begins immediately.

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Decolonization and Independence in Africa and Asia circa 1900-1990

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  1. Decolonization and Independence in Africa and Asia circa 1900-1990 Push for Freedom from European Imperialism

  2. Stage 1 European Imperialism Ends • Europeans leave or forced out • Power Vacuum created- no one is in charge • Internal conflict begins immediately

  3. Stage 2- Civil War / Internal Conflict • Brief or extended period of fighting • Religious, ethnic, or political divisions • Chaos and violence • Human rights atrocities- children soldiers, ethnic cleansing, genocide • Refugee camps in other countries • Sometimes results in partition – division into separate countries

  4. Refugee Camps impact other countries

  5. Stage 3- New dictatorship • No political freedoms • Poverty, unemployment, gap in wealth • Rigged elections, rampant corruption • Disease outbreaks (Malaria, AIDS, typhoid, cholera, waterborne parasites) • Similar to conditions during imperialism

  6. Stage 4 Progress or Rev. Cycle? Patterns of Revolution Option 1 Continuation of dictatorship Option 2 Dictator removed cycle starts over Option 3 Progress begins-> move towards democracy and stronger economy

  7. Decolonization 1900-1990s • Africans and Indians pushed for independence • Renaissance of African and Indian culture • World War II weakened European Empires • Europeans no longer have weapon advantage • Colonies became expensive to run • Protesters supported end of colonial rule • Leaders like Gandhi organize resistance movements

  8. Decolonization and the Cold War • USSR and USA compete for allies • USSR and USA try to influence newly independent countries. • Secret conflict between CIA and KGB • Capitalist countries make deals with USA • Communist countries make deals with USSR

  9. Historical Examples of Decolonization: India

  10. Indian Independence 1947- Partition of India

  11. Do Now • Define Civil Disobedience in your notes. What are 3 examples of civil disobedience from history? Civil Disobedience Timeline - Henry David Thoreau- wrote essay “Civil Disobedience” - Gandhi influenced by this essay - MLK influenced by Gandhi and Thoreau - Mandela influenced by all of these men

  12. Post Imperialist India • 1947 Partition of India- India (Hindu), West Pakistan (Muslim), and East Pakistan (Muslim) • 1947-1960s Fighting continues between Hindus and Muslims along the border • 1970s Pakistani Civil War- East Pakistan breaks away and becomes Bangladesh with help from India

  13. Modern India and Pakistan 1980s – Present • Conflict over Kashmir region • India dealing with acts of terrorism connected to Pakistan • Pakistan dealing with problems related to border with Afghanistan • Nationalist feelings in both countries • Both have nuclear weapons

  14. Modern Africa

  15. Historical Examples of Decolonization: South Africa • British give independence to European settlers • Apartheid established- racial segregation • 1920s-1990s- Black African protesters jailed • 1990- Nelson Mandela freed • 1994- Apartheid ends • Economic Improvements

  16. Ghana • Problems after Europeans left: - Political Instability - Military Dictatorships - Weak Economy - Corruption – Disease - Cycle of Revolution and Dictatorship • Signs of Progress - Democracy established - Improving economy - Better schools

  17. Rwanda • Belgians ruled colony with Tutsi help • Tutsi- 30% Hutu- 70% • Independence 1962 Hutus control government • Years of tension led to Civil War in 1990s • Hutu president assassinated • Hutus begin genocide in April 1994 • Around 800,000 - 900,000 Tutsis and non cooperating Hutus killed

  18. Kenya • Problems after Europeans left: - Famine / Poverty - Weak Economy - Cycle of Revolution and Dictatorship • Signs of Progress: - Improving Economy • Currently still struggling with democracy

  19. Nigeria • Problems after Europeans left: - Civil War between Igbo, Hausa, and Yoruba tribes - Military Dictatorships – No Democracy - Weak Economy - Disease • Signs of Progress: - Stronger economy - End of Civil War • Currently- corruption, lack of freedom of speech, potential for new Civil War involving religion • Problems with Boko Haram

  20. Democratic Republic of Congo • Problems after Europeans left: - Political Instability / Civil War / Coups - Ethnic Conflict - Military Dictatorships - Weak economy – Disease • Current Issues - Slave labor being used to gather natural resources - War lords control certain regions - Civil War and ethnic conflict recently ended

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