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Africa and Asia in the Era of Independence

Africa and Asia in the Era of Independence . By: Rachel Hicks. AFRICA. Theme 1. Independences were mostly won by Nationalists Movements that involved some sort of mass mobilization Increased population growth the government wouldn’t control the population or urban growth Some Effects:

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Africa and Asia in the Era of Independence

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  1. Africa and Asia in the Era of Independence By: Rachel Hicks

  2. AFRICA

  3. Theme 1 • Independences were mostly won by Nationalists Movements that involved some sort of mass mobilization • Increased population growth • the government wouldn’t control the population or urban growth • Some Effects: • Rural landlessness, environmental deterioration, food shortages, lack of employment, lack of birth control use, high death mortality rates, not enough resources to take care of the high demand, slums • Food Shortages and Famine • not enough resources to take care of the high demand • Worst cases: Ethiopia and Somalia

  4. More effects of Theme 1: • Disease- • HIV/AIDS • Has caused millions of deaths • Most who are affected by the disease have been too poor to afford the medicines to help treat the viruses • Tribes • There are so many ethnic groups that its hard to govern them and they have internal conflicts (most wars are between a states’ borders)

  5. Theme 2 • Borders left behind by Europe led to a confusion of ethnicities, languages, cultural practices, and religions in each country • Egypt- Anwar Sadat (3rd Egyptian President) expelled Russian and opened Egypt to Western assisstance, and had 5-year plans based upon the Soviet Union’s

  6. Theme 3 • Nationalists leaders promised civil rights, jobs, and equality once got independence • Ghana- NKwameNkrumah tried to rule his way but nationalists retreated to a more authoritarian rule, he also made the price of cocoa fall which hurt the economy • Governed under military regimes (unlawful systems) • Dictatorships: • Egypt- • Gaining power= Free Officer’s Movement allied with the Muslim Brotherhood (Hasan al-Banna tried to fix the poverty problems)

  7. Theme 3 • Egypt Cont’d • Gamal Abdul Nasser took power (1952) as part of the Free Officers movement • used dictatorial powers to force radical, social, and economic reforms • He redistributed land to peasants, provided free education, subsidized food prices, and created employment • limited foreign investment and nationalized some foreign properties • He declared Egypt the owner of the Suez Canal

  8. Theme 3 • South Africa (like Rhodesia/Zimbabwe) • Under white minority rule • 1994-Nelson Mandela elected President, where he built a multiracial nation with equal opportunities for all citizens along with the National Congress Party

  9. Theme 4 • Egypt • State subsidies lowered prices of food staples and five-year plans • Agriculture • South Africa • Whites monopolized the economy

  10. Theme 5 • Gender inequality (see Asia theme 5) • South Africa • Practiced Apartheid (policy of racism) when under the white rule • Whites separated from all other groups • Homelands were created to designate an individual ‘tribe’ to a land

  11. ASIA (really the Middle East)

  12. Theme 1 • Had a high population growth due to food crops • Used to have a high birth rates and low death rates but not starting to even out • Cities: • Mass migration from villages to cities (few jobs=high competition) • Had some of the largest cities in the world • Slums are the homes of urban dwellers (lack electricity, running water, sanitiation) • Heavily dependent on food and resources from countryside • Practice deforestation for fuel and use the land for farming

  13. Theme 2 • Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi encouraged Western styles (dress, education, etc.) and practiced the unveiling of women and the removal of Shana Law, but it wasn’t favored • India- had a scientific sector, and developed communications system

  14. Theme 3 • Iran/Iraq (most powerful dictatorships) • Followers of Ayatollah Khomeini • Iranian Revolution-made Iran an anti-western nation (emphasized religious purification and the rejoining of religion and politics central to early Islam) • Saddam Hussein- Iraq dictator • Turned against own people • Invaded oil-rich Kuwait • Gulf War- U.S. tried and pushed Hussein out of Kuwait • India • Leaders favored socialism and state intervention for reforming their society • Indian National Congress were committed to social reform, economic development, and preservation of democracy and civil rights • Has remained one of the largest democracies

  15. Theme 4 • Iran/Iraq • Used oil wealth to industrialize and modernize India : • Private investment by farmers • agriculture

  16. Theme 5 • India: • Had a larger middle class than any Asian or African nation but gained little • Industrial and agrarian growth which generated revenues for promoting education, family planning, and other social measures Women (both Asia and Africa) • Male dominated in political life (except Indira Gandhi) • Lack of education helped lock in their secondary roles • Forced into marriages at young ages and make large families so they didn’t have opportunities to get education or a career • women’s civil and legal rights are ignored even though they are stated in that countries constitution • Poor medical care and food shortages usually lead to malnutrition in women

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