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Using MLA Abbreviations

Using MLA Abbreviations. Source.

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Using MLA Abbreviations

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  1. Using MLA Abbreviations

  2. Source • When writing under the MLA format, use the suggestions and guidelines for MLA abbreviations for general abbreviations and for those in cited sources. The guide below covers some of the more common abbreviations, but the complete list is found in the 7th Edition MLA Handbook.

  3. Where to use • MLA abbreviations apply to common abbreviations that may appear within the text of your paper, but many abbreviations apply to listing sources on the Works Cited page. Some abbreviations also have periods and spacing applied differently, so knowing how to abbreviate correctly might involve looking up the information in the MLA Handbook when you cannot find the abbreviation in the list of examples provided here.

  4. MLA abbreviations, periods and spacing • For MLA abbreviations that are in all capital letters, omit the periods and spaces. US HTML DVD • Proper names are the exception to the above rule, and periods and a space are used after first and/or middle initials. E. E. Cummings J. R. R. Tolkien R.L. Stine • If the letters of a lowercase abbreviation correspond to a word in a recognizable abbreviation, periods are used after each letter with no spaces following them within the MLA abbreviation. a.m. e.g. i.e. p.m. • The above rule does not apply to all MLA abbreviations, however. Some exceptions follow. mph = miles per hour rpm = revolutions per minute n or nn = note, notes ns = new series

  5. MLA abbreviations, periods and spacing • When a lowercase letter ends an abbreviation, a period is used following the last letter of the MLA abbreviation. assoc. = associate, associated attrib.= attributed to dept. = department Eng. = English esp. = especially • Degree names do not follow the standard MLA abbreviations rule for lowercase letters; instead, no periods are used when these end with a lowercase letter. EdD PhD PhysD • Website URL abbreviations (extensions) require a period before the abbreviation. .com .edu .net .gov

  6. MLA abbreviations in citations • As you use citations, use MLA abbreviations whenever you can to keep the citations as short as possible. The list that follows contains some of the more common abbreviations that are used in citing sources; however, for a complete list, refer to your MLA Handbook.

  7. MLA abbreviations for months • Any month that is longer than four letters is abbreviated. Jan. – January Feb. – February Mar. – March Apr. – April May – May June – June July – July Aug. – August Sept. – September Oct. – October Nov. – November Dec. – December • In addition, dates in the MLA format are written in the date, month, year format. Use one number for single-digit days (7 instead of 07). The abbreviated month is used (when it is less than four letters), and the year is shown in the full, four-digit form. 3 June 2012 19 Sept. 2009 27 Dec. 2003

  8. MLA abbreviations for time • Various time markers are abbreviated in the following way: • AD = Anno Domini • BC = Before Christ • wk. = week • mo. = month • yr. = year • a.m. = morning • p.m. = afternoon

  9. MLA abbreviations for geographic locations

  10. MLA abbreviations for missing information • Sometimes it becomes necessary to abbreviate information of missing resources no pag. = no pagination N.p. = no publisher (common for websites) n.d. = no date

  11. MLA abbreviations for publisher names • When citing publisher names, a few special rules apply to allow you to shorter them as much as possible. • Do not include the articles of “a,” “an” and “the” • Do not include business abbreviations, such as “Co.,” “Inc.” or “Ltd.” • Omit any descriptive words at the end of a publisher name, such as “books,” “Press,” “Publishers” or “House” • Use the letter “P” for all university presses in case a university publishes independently, such as “Michigan State P” for “Michigan State Press” • Use only the surname when a publisher name has the full name of one person within it, such as “Wiley” for “John Wiley & Sons Inc.” • Use only the first surname when a publisher has more than one surname within it, such as “Farrar” for “Farrar, Straus and Giroux, Inc.” • Utilize other MLA abbreviations that may apply whenever possible, such as “UP” for a university press or “Acad.” for Academy • Use an acronym if a publisher is commonly known by it.

  12. Publisher examples • Basic = Basic Books • GPO = Government Printing Office • Little = Little, Brown and Company, Inc. • MIT UP = MIT University Press • Scribner’s = Charles Scribner’s Sons • U of Chicago P = University of Chicago Press

  13. MLA abbreviations for scholarly words • Many scholarly words also appear in various citations, especially those that are from scholarly journals. Keep this in mind, and utilize MLA abbreviations for scholarly words whenever possible. The list that follows includes common ones, but consult your MLA Handbook for a complete list. anon. = anonymous ca. = circach. = chapter comp. = compiler fwd. = foreword jour. = journal lib. = library par. = paragraph publ. for publisher or publication sec., sect. = section ser. = series var. = variant writ. = written by, writer

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