A Textbook and Other Resources for Teaching Challenge-Based Biotransport

1. A Textbook and Other Resources for Teaching Challenge-Based Biotransport Robert J. Roselli, Vanderbilt University Kenneth R. Diller, University of Texas, Austin

2. Learning Environment Community Centered Student Centered Knowledge Centered Assessment Centered

3. The Challenge Challenge- Based Instruction (CBI) Multiple Perspectives Generate Ideas Research & Revise Test your mettle Go Public

4. Objections to the use of Challenge-Based Instructionby Instructors I’m not convinced that challenge-based instruction is more effective than traditional lecture-based instruction at the college level. I don’t have time to develop effective challenges. I won’t be able to cover the necessary material in my course if valuable lecture time is lost to student discussions and other in-class CBI activities.

5. Meta-analysis of VaNTH Studies Meaningful difference Substantial difference Effect Size = (CBI mean – Traditional mean)/ (pooled SD) Cordray, D., Harris, T. R., Klein, S., A research synthesis of the effectiveness, replicability, and generality of the VaNTH challenge-based instructional modules in bioengineering. J. Engineering Education, 95, 335-348, 2009.

6. Biotransport Modules (Roselli) CBI Analogies • Introduction to BME 210 • Heart-lung machine • Renal vascular resistance • Hemorheology • Osmotic shock • Blood flow in circular tubes (arteries) • Blood flow in elliptical vessels (veins) • Heat transfer in mixing • Determination of time of death • Heat exchanger design • Pharmacokinetics • Determinates of cell size • Gas exchange and blood doping Biofluids Bioheat Biomass

7. Biotransport Modules (Diller) Heart Lung Machine Generate Ideas Blood Doping Mucous Transport by Cilia Respiratory Air Flow Post Mortem Interval HLM #2 - Cooling During Cardiac Surgery Coffee Burns Domestic Hot Water Safety Standards Space Suit Thermal Design Membrane Diffusion

8. Where can we find Biotransport Modules? Powerpoint Modules And Resources: www.vanth.org/biotransport/ kdiller@mail.utexas.edu Don’t need to develop your own modules

9. How can I cover the necessary material in my course if valuable lecture time is lost to student discussions?

10. Why Another Biotransport Textbook? What’s Unique? Introduces Students to CBI. Covers Momentum, Heat and Mass Transport and Emphasizes Analogies Between them. Provides Detailed Derivations. Provides Useful Challenges. Avoids Tensor Notation. Designed for Learning rather than Reference. Includes Properties of Biological Materials. Emphasizes Problem Solving Procedures. Includes Extensive Biotransport Examples.

11. Examples

12. Derivations

13. Textbook Organization Fundamentals Of How People Learn Part I Fundamental Concepts in Biotransport Part II Part IV Part III Part V Biofluid Transport Bioheat Transport Biomass Transport Appendices A. Nomenclature B. Physical Constants, Conversion Factors C. Transport Properties D. Charts for Transient Conduction & Diffusion

14. Part II. Fundamental Concepts • Chapter 2 Fundamental Concepts • System Definition • Transport Scales • Conservation Principles • Transport Mechanisms • Transport Coefficients • Interphase Transport • Chapter 3 Modeling & Solving Problems • Theoretical Approach • Empirical Approach

15. Parts III, IV & V Organization • First Chapter: Basics • Fundamentals • Unique Transport Features • Relevant Empirical Relationships • Boundary Conditions • Second Chapter: Macroscopic Approach • Third Chapter: 1-D Shell Balance Approach • Fourth Chapter: General Microscopic Approach

16. Chapter Organization Introduction Context-specific Concepts Summary of Key Concepts Questions Problems Challenges References

17. Selected Biofluid Transport Topics • Blood Rheology • Vascular Resistance, Compliance & Inertance • Microvascular Blood Flow • Flow in Collapsible Vessels • Windkessel Arterial Model • Osmotic Pressure and Flow • Flow in Tapered & Permeable Vessels • Pulsatile Flow in Arteries

18. Selected Bioheat Transport Topics • Human Thermoregulation • Thermal Dilution Methods • Burn Injury • Metabolic Heat Generation • Biological Heat Exchangers • Hyperthermia • Laser Tissue Irradiation • Wind Chill

19. Selected Biomass Transfer Topics • Permeability • Cellular Transport • Gas Exchange • Enzyme Kinetics • Bioreactors • Kidney Dialysis • Pharmacokinetics • Blood Oxygenators • Electrical Charge

20. Typical Uses The textbook can be effectively used in both traditional and challenge-based courses. It can be used for courses in biotransport, biofluids, bioheat or biomass transport. It can be used in introductory courses, upper division undergraduate courses, and graduate level courses.

23. Taxonomy-Based Instruction Start with a general principle, illustrate it with specific cases e.g., derive the Navier-Stokes Eq., then apply it to flow in an artery

24. Challenge-Based Instruction Start with a specific case: Students do not have sufficient background to adequately address the challenge on their own Design activities that bring in relevant portions of the taxonomy Build up to general principles

25. Part I. HPL Fundamentals

26. Appendices • A. Nomenclature • B1. Physical Constants • B2. Prefixes & Multipliers, SI Units • B3. Conversion Factors • C. Transport Properties • Fluid properties • Normal blood perfusion rates in tissue • Thermal properties • Mass transfer properties, solubility coefficients, partition coefficients • D. Charts for Unsteady State Conduction & Diffusion

27. Nomenclature

28. Textbook Challenges

29. Selected Fluids Topics General Fluid Mechanics Biofluid Transport • Rheological Properties of Blood • Biorheology and Disease • Blood Flow in Microvessels • Blood Flow in Organs • Vascular Resistance, Inertance • Vascular & Lung Compliance • Windkessel Arterial Model • Flow in Collapsible Vessels • Transmembrane Flow • Osmotic Pressure and Flow • Flow in Permeable Vessels • Flow in Tapered Vessels • Pulsatile Flow in Arteries Newtonian & Non-Newtonian Fluids Conservation of Mass Conservation of Momentum Conservation of Energy Engineering Bernoulli Equation Laminar & Turbulent Flow Friction Factors, Friction Loss Internal & External Flow 1-D & 3-D Shell Balances Substantial Derivatives Stream Function Scaling Continuity & Navier-Stokes Solving Non-Newtonian Problems

30. Selected Heat Transfer Topics General Heat Transfer Bioheat Transport • Human Thermoregulation • Thermal Dilution Methods • Flame Burn Injury • Metabolic Heat Generation • Biological Heat Exchangers • Hyperthermia • Laser Tissue Irradiation • Heat Exchange in Tissue • Wind Chill Factor • Safe Touch Temperature • Fire Shelter Design • Heat Loss from Finger • Low Temp Tissue Storage Constitutive Relationships Conduction Convective Heat Transfer Radiation Heat Transfer Heat Generation Thermal Resistance, Biot Number Heat Transfer Coefficients Phase Change Lumped Parameter Analysis Compartmental Analysis Heat Exchangers Numerical Methods Graphical (Heisler) Solutions

31. Selected Mass Transfer Topics General Mass Transfer Biomass Transport • Membrane Permeability • Hollow fiber permeability • Cellular Transport, Charged species • Lung O2, CO2 Exchange • Tissue O2, CO2 Exchange • Enzyme Kinetics • Immobilized Enzyme Devices • Bioreactors • Kidney Dialysis • Pharmacokinetics • Blood Oxygenators • Transvascular Solute Transport Mass & Molar Concentration Phase Equilibrium Species Transport Between Phases Molecular Diffusion Fick’s Law, Single Phase Diffusive & Convective Flow Electrically Charged Species Chemical Reaction Internal & External Resistance Species Conservation Compartmental Analysis Mass Transfer Coefficients Superpositon

32. Methods: Posttest vs. Pretest 1) Knowledge Questions: 6 multiple choice 2) Open Ended Problem “Results show that HPL and traditional students made equivalent knowledge gains, but that HPL students demonstrated significantly greater improvement in innovative thinking abilities.”

33. Innovation CBI Innovation: This score reflects how effectively students apply their knowledge base and analysis tools to devise a wise strategy for solving a difficult open ended problem.

34. Efficiency CBI Efficiency: This score reflects the ability of students to properly model the process by applying appropriate governing principles and constitutive relations.