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Introduction to GIS. Geographical basis, data, boundary files, map basics, GIS design elements ========================

Introduction to GIS. Geographical basis, data, boundary files, map basics, GIS design elements ============================. Fundamental Definition of GIS A GIS consists of the following elements: Data-base of attributes Spatial information Some way to link the two. Source: Clarke, 2003.

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Introduction to GIS. Geographical basis, data, boundary files, map basics, GIS design elements ========================

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  1. Introduction to GIS. Geographical basis, data, boundary files, map basics, GIS design elements============================ Fundamental Definition of GIS A GIS consists of the following elements: • Data-base of attributes • Spatial information • Some way to link the two Source: Clarke, 2003.

  2. GIS as a Toolbox • GIS can be viewed as a set of tools. • Sometimes this is called a process definition because the subtasks are sequentially arranged. • An example of using a set of tools as procedures is • Get addresses from a marketing list • Geocode them (to get X—Y points) • Map them

  3. Design Elements of a GIS (Source: Greene and Pick, 2005)

  4. Map Layer A GIS might have a single map layer, but more commonly include two or more layers

  5. Example of Processing with Simple GIS

  6. Baseball example of non-spatial versus spatial query. Keith Clarke gives the example of baseball cards. If we associate the X-Y coordinate location of the stadium that the player is associated with, we are adding a spatial attribute. • Example of query without the spatial attribute. “Find all players with a batting average over .300. • Example of query with the spatial attribute. “Find all players with a batting average over .250 and whose location is within 300 miles of Yankee Stadium.” Source: Clarke, 2003)

  7. Geographic Location • How is geographic location determined. Often by latitude and longitude. • It can be by more advanced coordinate systems, such as 3-D, but lat-long will do for now. • The geographic grid of latitude and longitude is a commonly used geographic reference system.

  8. Points, Lines, and Polygons Source: Clarke, 2003.

  9. Map Layer A GIS might have a single map layer, but more commonly include two or more layers

  10. Addresses of business clients, converted to points.

  11. Sometimes the greatest value comes from simply looking at your data from a different perspective! • Over 50% of customers live within 2 miles • Over 80% of customers live within 4 miles

  12. Retail/Site Selection/Marketing • Site Selection • Find best locations for new stores • Identify inefficient stores • Trade Areas • Market Penetration • Market Share • Target Marketing • Understand customer demographics • Identify untapped enclaves of future customers • Direct Mailings

  13. LQs for Nine Employment Sectors, LA (Source: Greene and Stager, 2005)

  14. Worksheet and Discussion • Take five minutes and think through what you consider the two locational (geographic) aspects of your business that are the most important influences on productivity or profit. • Write down these two locational aspects on a piece of paper.

  15. Map Overlay Example (Source: Greene and Stager, 2005)

  16. Overlaying map layers: This example has layers for city boundaries, transportation, land use, and business locations.

  17. Buffer Analysis • In buffering, GIS software forms bands on either side of a points, line, or polygon to perform analysis within the bands. • Simple example: to assign half-mile buffers on both sides of highway, and ask how many service stations are within the buffer

  18. Example of Buffering

  19. Example of Spatial Change.Change in population densities in Chicago, 1940-2000 Source: Greene and Pick, 2006

  20. Proximity Analysis • It assesses how close certain map objects are to other map objects. • For example, it can determine how close the population residing in a census tract is to a competing set of grocery stores.

  21. Understanding the demographics of your market area.

  22. Conclusion • GIS can be used to analyze small business problems • Customer mapping can reveal trends important to business planning and profits. • Overlays can increase the information available. • Time sequences can show changes in business activities and markets over time. • Spatial analysis can lead to better targeting of customers, facilities, workers, and other business entities. • GIS is a technology to make more data more usable and put it to greater use for efficiencies, better performance, and profits. • Geography can be important to the success of your business or enterprise.

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