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Recap: structure of ATP

Recap: structure of ATP. P. P. P. Recap: where in the cell?. Glycolysis Phosphorylation Oxidation Link reaction Krebs cycle Oxidative phosphorylation. Recap: glycolysis. Recap: link reaction. Recap: Krebs cycle. Enzymes. Glycolysis: Phosphofructokinase Krebs cycle: Decarboxylases

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Recap: structure of ATP

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  1. Recap: structure of ATP P P P

  2. Recap: where in the cell? Glycolysis Phosphorylation Oxidation Link reaction Krebs cycle Oxidative phosphorylation

  3. Recap: glycolysis

  4. Recap: link reaction

  5. Recap: Krebs cycle

  6. Enzymes • Glycolysis: • Phosphofructokinase • Krebs cycle: • Decarboxylases • Dehydrogenases

  7. Regulatory enzymes glucose ↑ ATP ↑ citrate ↑ ADP ↓ ATP ↓ citrate phosphofructokinase enzyme pyruvate Krebs cycle

  8. How much ATP has been produced? • Glycolysis: • Link reaction: • Krebs cycle: Is this enough???

  9. The electron transport chain

  10. The electron transport chain • Hydrogen atoms released from NADH and FADH as they are oxidised • Hydrogen atoms split into protons and electrons • Electrons move along the electron transport chain, losing energy at each carrier • Energy is used to pump protons into intermembrane space forming an electrochemical gradient • Protons move down electrochemical gradient back to matrix via ATP synthase • Movement of protons drives synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate • Protons, electrons and oxygen combine to form water, the final electron acceptor

  11. Evidence for chemiosmosis • pH of intermembrane space is lower than pH of matrix • Proton gradient exists between intermembrane space and matrix • Artificial vesicles created with proton pump proteins resulted in ↓ pH in vesicle • Proton gradient can be used to synthesise ATP • Mitochondria in pH8 solution produced no ATP • Proton gradient can be used by mitochondria to make ATP • Uncouplers destroyed proton gradient in mitochondria • Proton gradient is required by mitochondria to make ATP

  12. How much ATP? More cutbacks: In 1997 1 NADH → 3 ATP and 1 FADH → 2 ATP! Oxidative phosphorylation makes ATP using energy from NADH and FADH 1 NADH → 2.5 ATP 1 FADH → 1.5 ATP

  13. How much ATP?

  14. Anaerobic respiration glucose pyruvate carbon dioxide + ethanal lactic acid ethanol

  15. Aerobic and anaerobic respiration Aerobic Anaerobic Where? Is oxidation complete? What are the waste products? How much energy? Where? Is oxidation complete? What are the waste products? How much energy?

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