Ancient Rome

1. Ancient Rome

2. Rome’s Beginnings Legend Roman legend claimed that brothers, Romulus and Remus (descendants of Aeneas) founded Rome after they were raised by a she-wolf. 753 B.C.

3. Rome’s Beginnings History Seven villages located in seven hills that grew and finally joined. 8th century B.C.

4. Landforms and Bodies of Water in Rome a. Mountainous (like Greece) b. Longest coastlines became a center of trade because of its many harbors and ports with access to the Mediterranean Sea. c. Surrounded by Mediterranean Sea (Ligurian, Tyrrhenian, Ionian and Adriatic Seas.

5. Connection Rome was considered a bridge between Western Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia.

6. TRADING a. Tiber River was important because foreign ships could bring goods up the river to Rome. b. Rome became very rich. c. Because of trade, Romans studied new ideas about growing crops and they learned about other culturesthrough stories and legends.

8. Historical periods MONARCHY (753 B.C. – 509 B.C.) REPUBLIC (509 B.C – 27 B.C.) EMPIRE (27 B.C. – 476 A.D.)

9. MONARCHY – Etruscan influence a. Some kings of Rome were Etruscan. b. Romans learned from them many things such as - how to build aqueducts: structures that carry flowing water to supply water to cities. - how to make better weapons and ships.

11. The aqueduct of Segovia

12. The aqueduct of Mérida

13. Roman aristocracy rebelled and expelled the last king (tarquin, the proud)They set up a republicin 509 b.c.

14. REPUBLIC • Nationalism • Romans were proud of their soldiers and loyal to their homeland. Told many war hero stories to raise pride and nationalism-a strong devotion to one’s country. • Two Groups of Citizens (apart from slaves). • patricians – rich and powerful • plebeians – all other people, 90% of the people. plebeians patricians

15. Political system during the Republic • Citizens have the right to vote, or choose their leaders • Elected officials represented the people in the Senate (governing body) • At first the Senate made up of patricians. • Each year two patricians were elected as consuls (officials for the government and army)

16. Citizenship • Slaves and most foreigners were • NOT citizens. • Women WERE citizens with • limited power. • i. Women could not vote or hold public office but they had more freedom than Greek women. • ii. Women could own property • and testify in court. Patricians

17. Plebeians increased their rights • TRIBUNES: men who were appointed to protect the rights of the plebeians • b. Over time plebeians gained in • wealth and power, but the patricians always had more power.

18. ROMAN EXPANSION The red area on this map shows how Romans conquered all Italian Peninsula defeating Etruscans, Latins, Sabines and Greeks.

19. Carthage vs. Rome:the Punic Wars (120 years of fight) Carthage was a city-state located in North Africa (Phoenician origin). Powerful navy and strong army. 1st Punic War- Romans fought against the Carthaginians to expel them from Sicily and Sardinia.

20. After the 1st Punic War the Carthaginian leaders settled down in Iberian Peninsula and founded their new capital: Carthago Nova (Cartagena).

21. 2nd Punic War- MOST FAMOUS OF THE THREE Hannibal (Carthaginian general) took his army across the Alps on elephants and surprised the Romans. The Romans were saved when Scipio (Roman General) attacked Carthage and Hannibal had to rush back to help (battle of Zama). Carthage was defeated.

22. 3rd Punic War Romans captured and destroyed Carthage completely. Surviving Carthaginians were sold into slavery. Rome controlled the entire Western Mediterranean region.

23. AFTER THE PUNIC WARS, ROMAN EXPANSION SEEMED UNSTOPPABLE Roman conquests during the Republic (green area)

24. Advancements of this time Romans built aqueducts, roads and buildings in conquered land. Roads were made of concrete—not dirt.

25. Advancements of this time • Statumen: layer of stones. • Rudus: layer of coarse concrete. • Nucleus: little layer of fine concrete • Pavimentum or summa crusta: polygonal or square stones (prepared for drainage).

26. Romans tried to keep people happy and patriotic (loyal to Rome): • Granting citizenship. • Allowing forms of self-government. • Allowing all gods and worship. • Romanization started: • They conquered others but everybody became Roman through language and law.

27. Effects of War • Money came to Rome but only the patricians were wealthier. • Plebeians lost jobs to wartime slaves and they got angry. • Ambition grew among patricians and some civil wars took place.

28. Julius Caesar ” • He was an example of ambitious politician. • Involved in some of these civil wars. • Famous for having conquered the Gaul (and more places). • Dramatic end.

29. EMPIRE Augustus • He was as ambitious as Caesar, but he was successful in gathering all the powers. • Emperor of Rome (27 BC – 14 AD) who stabilized Rome after Caesar’s death and the civil war. • Centralized the government and improved the economy. • Began a long period (200 years) of peace called PaxRomana. • Made people conquered by Rome loyal to Rome i. this united the Roman Empire ii. Roman Empire spread eastward and westward on three continents.

30. Good and Bad Emperors – PROJECT! These are traditionally considered “the five good emperors”: • Nerva (96-98) • Trajano (98-117) • Adriano (117-138) • Antonino Pio (1138-161) • Marco Aurelio (161-180) These are five emperors considered cruel or crazy or, for some reason, hated by the Romans: • Tiberio (14-37) • Caligula (37-41) • Nerón (54-68) • Cómodo (177-180) • Caracalla (198-217)

31. Roman Law: • All free people have equal rights. • A person is innocent until he or she is proven guilty. • Accused people should be allowed to face their accusers and defend themselves. • Judges must interpret the law and make decisions fairly. • People have rights that no government can take away. The Twelve Tables were laws engraved on tablets and put on display in the Forumin Rome for everyone to see, so they could be understood by all of the citizens of Rome.

32. Roman hobbies: Romans loved shows and enterteinment. Amphitheatres (gladiator fights) and Circus (chariot races) were their favourite places; There were theatres and music concerts, too. b.

33. Roman culture (writers and philosophers): TERENCE (theatre comedies). CICERO (philosopher, politician). SALLUST (history, military history) HORACE (poet) TITUS LIVIUS (LIVY) (history) SENECA (philosophy) PLUTARCH (history) SAINT AUGUSTINE (Christianity) VIRGIL – poet, author of the “Aeneid” (29-19BC)

34. Roman religion: • Greek pantheon. • Household spirits (The lares were the spirits of the family's ancestors. The penates were kind spirits who garded the larder. Little figurines of these spirits were kept in a small household shrine, called the lararium. The spirits were worshipped by the family on special days with offerings of food and wine). • Foreign gods (Mitra, Sol Invictus, Hercules, …) • The worship to the Emperor (Domitian started this in the 1st century). • Christianity.

35. CRISIS AND FALL: • Most Emperors after Marcus Aurelius cared about increasing their wealth and power,not the welfare of the Roman Empire. • Roman Army began to fight each other to get their favorite person as an Emperor. • The Roman Army spent so much time in civil wars and Rome had to pay mercenaries to fight foreign battles (they were not loyal and allowed their own tribes ( German) to attack. • Roads were unsafe and trade decreased. • Free peasants started to be more profitable than slaves so economic system was brought down.

36. The Empire Divided To restore order, some Emperors tried new formulas: Diocletian divided the Empire into two parts (each one ruled by two co-emperors):

37. Constantine united the empire again. He made a new capital city in the eastern part of the Empire, Byzantium (later known as Constantinople).

38. Theodosius divided the Empire in 395 AD. His two children inherited one part each and that division was definitive.

39. a. Eastern part of the empire was strong and rich; capital city was Constantinople. It became the Byzantine Empire that lasted for 1000 years. b. Western part of the empire was weakand poor;capital city was Rome but in the end, Ravenna. In 476, a germanic leader called Odoacer expelled the last West Roman Emperor: Romulus.