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Essential Concepts in Physical Science

Explore key topics such as chemical equations, conservation of mass, balancing equations, periodic table properties, types of bonds, acids and bases, motion, Newton’s laws, electrical energy, power grids, and the electromagnetic spectrum.

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Essential Concepts in Physical Science

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  1. Competency 2:Physical Science

  2. BACK (table salt) or (sodium chloride) (water) (sugar/glucose) (oxygen gas) (carbon dioxide) (nitrogen gas) (methane) Obj. 2a: Chemical Equations FRONT • NaCl • H20 • C6H12O6 • O2 • CO2 • N2 • CH4

  3. Obj. 2a: Conservation of Mass • Law of conservation of mass: • matter cannot be created nor destroyed, therefore the mass of the reactants must equal the mass of the products

  4. Obj. 2a: Balancing Equations • What would you have to put before the O2 on the reactant side in order to balance the equation? CH4 + __ O2 CO2 + 2H2O Put answer on back

  5. 2.a. Balancing Equations • Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2 • How many hydrogen molecules will be produced if there is 1000 HCl molecules in the reactant side of this balanced equation? • Show the work on the back.

  6. Obj. 2.a. Photosynthesis and Respiration Photosynthesis carbon dioxide + water + sunlight oxygen + glucose 6 CO2 + 6H2O 6O2 + C6H1206 Respiration • oxygen + sugar carbon dioxide + water + energy • 6O2 + C6H1206 6CO2 + 6 H2O

  7. Obj. 2.b. Periodic Table • Properties of Metals and nonmetals • Metals: on the left side of the periodic table in groups • Malleable • Good conductors • Ductile • Nonmetals: on the right side of the periodic table in groups • Insulator • Brittle

  8. 2.b. Types of Bonds • Ionic: between a metal & non-metal • Ex. NaCl Group 1 bonded to group 17 • Covalent: between two non-metals • Ex. CO2 Group 14 bonded to group 16

  9. 2.b. Important Groups Back • nonmetal halogens • transition metals • alkali metals • alkaline earth metals • touch the staircase & divide the metals from non-metals Front • Group 17 • Group 3-12 • Group 1 • Group 2 • Metalloids-Groups 13-17

  10. Draw an outline of the periodic table. Label the metals and nonmetals.

  11. Groups Group 15 • Vertical columns • Have similar properties • Group Number = number of valence electrons 7 N Nitrogen 14.007

  12. Obj. 2.b. Acids More reactive, stronger bond, weaker acid • H+ • Bond with nonmetals • HF weakest acid, HI strongest acid Less reactive, weaker bond, Stronger acid

  13. Obj. 2.b. Bases • OH- (Hydroxide) • Bond with metals • Ex: NaOH, MgOH, NH3 • React with acids to form water and a salt

  14. Obj. 2.b. Periodic Table • Oxidation: when a substance reacts with oxygen • Examples: • Rusting (iron oxide) • Food spoiling • Burning (fast oxidation)

  15. Obj. 2.c. Motion • Speed formula – s=d/t • Constant velocity: no change in motion (balanced force) • ex. 50mi/h for an hour

  16. 2.c. Speed GraphsDraw the graph on the front and label on the back. Constant speed Constant Speed No motion Speeding up

  17. 2.c. Acceleration: change in motion (unbalanced force) ex. Speed up, slow down, change direction speed & velocity are the same • Label each: Acceleration graphs- put on separate card. Slowing down at a constant rate Speeding up at a constant rate Constant (no acceleration)

  18. Obj. 2.f. Newton’s Laws • 1st law (law of inertia): An object at rest will stay at rest. An object in motion will stay in motion. • Ex. Car stops, but your body moves forward • An object in moving in space will continue (comet)

  19. 2.f. 2nd Law of Motion • 2nd law (F=ma) : an object will accelerate in the direction of the net force • Ex. Kick a ball upward and it moves upward • Objects with more mass require more force to move.

  20. 2.f. 3rd Law of Motion • 3rd law (action/reaction): forces always act in equal but opposite pairs • Ex. Swimming, birds flying, rockets

  21. Obj. 2.d. Electrical Energy • AC currents (alternating): • used in power grids • Travel in both directions • Voltage can change with transformers • DC current (direct): only flows in one direction • Used in batteries

  22. Obj. 2.d. Power Grids • Path of electricity through a power grid from high to low voltage • Power plant, substation, transformer, junction box, outlet, microwave • Power can be added to the grid if it is not used by the customer.

  23. Obj. 2.d. Power Grids • Renewable resources: natural resources that can be replenished naturally with the passage of time • Wind • Solar • Hydro • Geothermal • Reduce pollution, but more expensive.

  24. Obj. 2.d. Power Grids • Transformer- Increases or decreases voltage in the power grid

  25. Obj. 2.d. Power Grids • generator- spins a coiled wire inside a magnetic field to produce electric current

  26. Obj. 2e Electromagnetic Spectrum • List the spectrum from longest wavelength to shortest, then label the following information on the spectrum • Infrared: heat/thermal • Radio: communication – lowest energy • Gamma: treat cancer – highest energy • Visible: royGbiv- from (longest to shortest)

  27. Obj. 2.e. Electromagnetic Spectrum • Ultraviolet (UV) • blocked by ozone • damage skin cells, cause skin cancer • can be used to disinfect medical equipment, rid water of bacteria or microorganisms, etc.

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