Green Solutions in Air Movement Design | Terry Townsend Presentation

1. The Air Movement and Control Association International (AMCA) has met the standards and requirements of the Registered Continuing Education Providers Program. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to RCEPP. A certificate of completion will be issued to each participant. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by NCEES or RCEPP.

2. What Green Means to the Air Movement and Control Industry(A Call to Sustainable Action) Terry Townsend, P.E., FASHRAE ASHRAE Presidential Member October 16, 2008

3. Learning Objectives At the end of this presentation you will be able to: • Describe how sustainability is impacting the air movement and control industry • Learn how to optimize air movement and control for sustainable design • Learn how to better incorporate IAQ strategies in your designs 4. Describe how air movement and control is incorporated in ASHRAE design guidance and LEED

4. Why is a Call to Action Needed? The Air Movement and Control Industry is the primary reason that an ideal green building with optimal conditions for both its inhabitants and the environment can exist. However, the biggest impact that the Air Movement and Control Industry may have on this planet is in delaying – Tipping Points for: • World’s Energy Crises • World’s Environmental Crises

5. World’s Energy • Bal. = 1 trillion barrels; peak production met; 2007 annual consumption = 29 billion barrels • Natural gas peak in U.S. (1973) and declining at 5 percent year • Coal – plentiful fossil fuel resource but heavily subsidized by governments; GWP is exceptionally high

6. World’s Environment (UN-IPCC Three Working Group’s Reports) WG-1 = trends: past to present Pre-industrial revolution = < 250 PPM CO2 • Current level = 385 PPM CO2; 2 PPM/year average increase • Average global temperature increase = 0.6°C (1901-2000) 0.2°C (2000-2006)

7. WG-2 = Measurements/Observations • 25% of coral reefs damaged/irreparable • Gulf Stream at 75% of full flow • Ocean temperature increase (2 miles depth) • Ocean pH decrease/year ~ 0.1 units • Greenland glaciers melt > 1 cubic mile/year • Amazon rain forest reduction = 25+%

8. WG-3 = Projections and Impacts (21st Century) • Global temperature increase = 1.4°C (aggressive CO2 reductions) to 5.8°C (business-as-usual) over 20th Century’s temperature increase • Greenland melts = 23’ sea level increase • Antarctica melts = 230’ sea level increase • Amazon reduction of 30% = Savannah and re-generation initiated

9. Latest Data on Climate Change Kiel Institute for World Economy “…The world is already at or above the IPCC worst case scenarios in terms of CO2 emissions….” National Academy of Science “…In 2006 over 8.4 gigatons of CO2 were put into the atmosphere from fossil fuels which equaled the IPCC worst case prediction….” International Energy Agency “…If current emissions policies are not changed, the world could warm 6°C by 2030…”

10. CO2 Targets for a Sustainable Future • IPCC’s goal (1992) for CO2 stabilization = 1.3 Kg CO2/person/day • CO2 baseline measurements (2000): World emissions = 8.9 Kg CO2/person/day U.S. emissions = 58.7 Kg CO2/person/day

11. Comparing International Emissions Data

12. CO2 Targets for a Sustainable Future • Required CO2 emissions’ reduction to meet IPCC’s goal = 85% • Target U.S. emissions = 8.8 Kg CO2/person/day • This would limit global warming to 2°C by 2050 (EU’s target) •  Increased global temperature  Increased “Carbon Cycle Feedbacks”

13. +2°C (EU’s Target) • 4 billion people – water shortages; heat waves greater than 2003 …....Carbon Cycle Feedbacks……. • Greenland irreversible melting millions of tons of CO2 release • West Siberian peat melt = 70 billion tons of methane release (73 years of manmade CO2)

14. +2°C (EU’s Target) …….Carbon Cycle Feedbacks……. • Arctic Circle permafrost warming and begins release of methane • 1/3 of plant and animal species become extinct • 70% chance of 3°C increase • 30% chance of 4°C increase

15. “We are on the precipice of climate system tipping points beyond which there is no redemption.” James Hansen, Director, NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies “In the past, if we got things wrong and wrecked our environment, we could pack up and move somewhere else. Migration has always been one of our species’ great survival strategies. Now we have nowhere else to go. No new frontier. We have only one atmosphere; only one planet.” Fred Pearce, With Speed and Violence

16. Why Should We Care? • Buildings consume: • 40% of all energy used and 70% of electrical energy use • 17% of all fresh water • 25% of wood produced

17. Why Should We Care? • Buildings produce 33% of CO2 emissions • Buildings generate 30% of all landfill waste • Architects, engineers and AMCA members can effectively reduce the effects of mankind on the environment and climate change, and our dependency on fossil fuels

18. Why Should AMCA Care? • Fan Energy = 40% of HVAC Systems’ Energy Use (5.22 Quads or 940 Million Tons CO2) • Proper Air Distribution Saves 20% - 30% of Annual Heating & Cooling Costs • Economizers Reduce Energy Costs & Sick Leave (8X Savings Over Energy Cost Reductions) • High Ventilation Rates = 35% Reduction in Short-term Absence

19. Why Should AMCA Care? • Demand-Controlled Ventilation  Min. 20% Reduction In Electrical Energy • HVAC Systems w/Energy Recovery = Lowest Life-Cycle Costs • Energy Recovery Savings = 21.5% Reduction of Cooling Costs • Energy Recovery for Indoor Swimming Pools = 70% Savings Over Standard A/C Systems

20. Why Should AMCA Care? • ERV’s National Energy Savings Potential = 0.6 Quads for Commercial Buildings = 108 Million Tons of CO2 • ERVs Can Reduce “Peak” Heating and Cooling Loads by 1/3rd • Demand-Controlled Ventilation Reduces Ventilation, Heating & Cooling Loads by 10% - 30%

21. Air Movement and Control Industry’s Influence on Green Buildings • Energy Conservation • ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1 • ASHRAE/USGBC/IESNA Standard 189.1P • ASHRAE/AIA/IESNA/USGBC/DOE Advanced Energy Design Guides (AEDGs)

22. Indoor Air Quality • ASHRAE Standard 62.1 • ASHRAE Standard 170 • Building Performance Metrics & Protocols • Comfort and Occupant Performance • ASHRAE Standard 55 • High Performance Buildings Database • Building Performance Metrics & Protocols

23. Reference Points Today • CBECS-2003 EUI = 91 kBTU/SF/yr • 90.1-2004 EUI = 51 kBTU/SF/yr • 90.1-2010 target EUI = 36 kBTU/SF/yr • 189.1-2010 target EUI = 25 kBTU/SF/yr

24. Energy Conservation ASHRAE Standard 90.1 HVAC&R systems are responsible for ~ 45% of all building's energy consumption

25. Load Reduction Strategies Control of ventilation rates Night pre-cooling Air-side cooling economizer cycle Energy recovery strategies Right-sizing fan systems match building’s actual flow requirements with right-sized, energy-efficient motors and belts Improving control of fan systems Variable speed drives match actual operating conditions

26. Standard 189.1P and Advanced Energy Design Guides (AEDGs) Prescriptive guidance for achieving 30%, 50%, and 70% energy savings over the Code requirements of ASHRAE Standard 90.1

27. AEDG Energy Goals and Strategies (ASHRAE, AIA, IESNA, USGBC & DOE) Reduce loads on energy-using systems Size HVAC system equipment for reduced loads Use the most efficient systems – HVAC, O/A, fans, controls and proper air distribution Refine integration of building systems

30. Typical AEDG & 189.1P HVAC Equipment and Systems’ Recommendations Higher efficiency HVAC equipment – air conditioners, furnaces and heat pumps Motorized O/A damper control Economizers – application varies with climate zone Demand-controlled ventilation (CO2 sensors)

31. Typical AEDG & 189.1P HVAC Equipment and Systems Recommendations Lower duct friction rate (0.08” WC/100 ft) Reduce interior ductwork leakage Duct insulation: R-6 Ductwork sealing: Class B

32. Net-Zero-Energy Buildings Conceptually, a building that has no adverse energy or environmental impact because of its operation. Net-Zero Site Energy Measured at building’s meter Encourages energy-efficient building designs and operations

33. ASHRAE’s Building Code Energy Use Index Targets Architecture 2030 2010 – 36 kbtuh/ft2/yr 2015 – 27 2020 – 18 2025 – 9 2030 – Net 0 ASHRAE 90.1/189 2010 – 36 kbtuh/ft2/yr 2013 – 30 2016 – 25 2019 – 20 2022 – 15 2025 – 10 2028 – 5 2030 – Net 0

34. NZEB and NREL Assessment of the Technical Potential for Achieving Net-Zero-Energy Buildings in Commercial Sector December 2007 “With current technologies and design practices, 62% of all U.S. commercial buildings could be Net-Nero-Energy.”

35. NZEB and Beyond…. Countdown to a Sustainable Energy Future…Net-zero and Beyond • March 29–31, 2009 • Hyatt-Regency at Fisherman’s Wharf • San Francisco, CA

36. Indoor Air QualityASHRAE Standard 62.1

37. ASHRAE Standard 62.1IAQ Control Principles • Source Control • Reduction • Elimination • Ventilation • Dilution • Air Cleaning • Removal of contaminants

38. IAQ Strategies Common Today • Heat recovery ventilation • Demand controlled ventilation • Economizer operation • Enhanced particle filtration • Envelope tightness • O&M • Commissioning and Retro-commissioning

39. More Complex IAQ Strategies • Natural and hybrid ventilation • Displacement ventilation • Decoupled ventilation (DOAS) • Task ventilation/occupant control • Local exhaust • Air cleaning and lower O/A rates (Ventilation Rate Procedure)

40. IAQ Strategies Optimization Functions • O/A Ventilation • Neutralize wind pressure @ intakes and exhausts • Dynamic control of fans per measurements • Use of hermetic dampers @ intake and exhaust points • O/A Economizer Cycles • Separate from non-economizer ventilation • Location of intakes for low enthalpy air

41. IAQ Strategies Optimization Functions • Exhaust Air Recovery • Optimize heat recovery zoning • Optimize sensible and latent recoveries • O/A Dehumidification • Improved efficiency of latent H/E • Proper air pre-conditioned equipment • O/A Contaminant Removal • Optimize equipment effectiveness, reliability and economy • O/A Protection/Safety (terrorism concerns)

42. LEED NC and IAQ • EQ Prerequisite • All sections of Standard 62.1 must be complied with • EQ Credit 1 • CO2 ventilation monitor only for densely occupied spaces • Other spaces  outdoor air flow measurement devices • EQ Credit 2 • Increase ventilation rates 30% > 62.1-2004

43. Comfort & Occupant PerformanceASHRAEStandard 55, High Performance Buildings Database and Building Performance Metrics & Protocols Key Areas of Consideration • Indoor air quality and ventilation • Thermal comfort • Acoustics and noise • Lighting and day-lighting levels • Visual perception

44. Occupant Performance Considerations Offices Individual speed Accuracy Effectiveness Creativity Impairment and absenteeism Commercial/Retail Increased sales Increased street traffic Reduced vandalism & shop-lifting

45. Occupant Performance Considerations Schools/Educational Facilities Increased test scores Increased student information retention Reduced absences Healthcare Facilities Shortened recovery periods Increased personnel performance Reduced personnel absences

46. Back to the Future Building Performance Metrics and Protocols (Priorities) Energy consumption IEQ Lighting and daylighting Water consumption Acoustics/noise

47. Building Energy Labeling Provide motivation for reducing energy use in commercial buildings by expressing the energy performance of buildings in a tangible way

48. Example Building Label in Europe

49. Back to the Future Carbon Footprint Design Tools Time-of-day utilities’ fuel sources Accurate for specific locations Interface with building load programs (design options/choices) Web-based option Tool for use in ‘Carbon Trading’ activities

50. Back to the Future Performance-Based Energy Benchmarks Expansion of ASHRAE Standard 90.1 Appendix (G) 198 buildings for 22 different building types in all U.S. climatic zones Web-based baseline tool for LEED building rating calculations ASHRAE’s possible first step toward a performance-based energy conservation standard