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Wesley, M. C. (2007, June) APA style refresher .

Wesley, M. C. (2007, June) APA style refresher.  No comma per APA. June 2007. Several Common Problems. 1. Numbers and Percentages 2. Punctuation and Capital Letters 3. Spelling, Italics, Abbreviations 4. Seriation 5. Tables and Figures. Several Common Problems (con’d.).

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Wesley, M. C. (2007, June) APA style refresher .

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  1. Wesley, M. C. (2007, June) APA style refresher. No comma per APA June 2007

  2. Several Common Problems 1. Numbers and Percentages 2. Punctuation and Capital Letters 3. Spelling, Italics, Abbreviations 4. Seriation 5. Tables and Figures

  3. Several Common Problems (con’d.) 6. Heading Levels (Three) 7. Miscellaneous 8. Citation Basics 9. Reference List Basics

  4. On Numbers (APA 3.42-3.45) Remember: Normally, numbers 10 and higher are written as numerals. Nine and lower are written out. But there are many exceptions where they appear as numerals, too—mainly (a) elements of time and (b) participants in a study.

  5. All eight boys threw rocks at a carp. Meanwhile, 14 cat- fish nipped at Senator Kerry’s arm. Crazy, but true! I like saw you know like 150 people I like totally knew at Britney’s show. There were like 2 million people there. She played like 20 songs and it lasted like 3 hours. It was so like totally awesome. Every 2 or 3years my lovely bride and I spend a weekend in Huntsville, AL, remembering the romantic times we had denouncing civil rights legislation. One hundred twelve clients with bipolar disorder and 75 with pyromania filled out a 5-point Likert-type scale.

  6. In general, use arabic--not roman--numerals. In chapter 2, the author describes the history of the world, with an emphasis on ground beef. Although the exciting history of meat loaf could be a dissertation in itself (see Appendix F), a timeline is presented in Figure 3 that summarizes the highpoints—or low points if you’re a cow . Indeed, the issue of viewpoint is further explored in Research Question 3. (Refer to p.{space}976.)

  7. WAIT I MISSED THAT LAST ONE. WHAT WAS THAT AGAIN? Blah blah blah blah (p.{space} 976)

  8. Percentages (APA 3.42d) are straightforward. Use a numeral and percentage sign unless at the start of a sentence or if you’re quoting directly from a source that used a different style manual. • Sixteen percent favor lethal injection. • Another 12% favor Banquet pot pies, and 2% marked “Hemlock.”

  9. Okay, Let’s Review • Normally, numbers 10 and higher are written as numerals. Nine and lower are written out. • But there are many exceptions where they appear as numerals, too—mainly (a) elements of time and (b) participants in a study. • Use arabic numerals. Use a % sign.

  10. Okay, Let’s Review • I have two/2 children. My daughter, Sophia, is seventeen/17, and my son, Isaac, is thirteen/13. • There’s a ten percent /10 percent / 10% chance of rain today.

  11. Commas Insert a serial comma in a series of three or more nouns or noun phrases before the words and or or: Moe, Larry, and Curly Comma

  12. Example 1 Hello, hello, and hello. Example 2 Bacon, lettuce, or tomato. Example 3 Bacon, Robbins, and Penn (2004) starred in Mystic River. So remember, folks: Use a serial comma.

  13. Wait. I missed that one. What was that again? USE A SERIAL COMMA. OKAY?

  14. On Abbreviations • Italicize statistical abbreviations • Uppercase Nmeans population; lowercase n means subsample • Use etc., e.g., and i.e. only inside parentheses e.g., means ________________ i.e., means ________________ For Example That is

  15. Spelling Check the tables in chapter 3 for rules on hyphenation. In general, words with prefixes such as non, semi, pre, post, anti, multi, and inter are not hyphenated: pretest, posttest, antibiotic, antisocial, nonprofit, semipro, multiphased, subsample. But self-esteem, self-concept. Possessives of proper nouns ending in s get ’sadded: Rogers’s, Wilks’s lambda, Jones’s bottle of rum.

  16. Italics (not underlines) APA says use italics. Psych students especially: Stick to italics. Period. Check the table in chapter 3 for rules on italics. Italicize book and journal titles and words used as key terms on first reference: I just re-read the Grapes of Wrath. The term psychopharmocological always brings me back to my salad days at Penn State.

  17. Table 4Comparisonof Boys and Girlsby Height and Weight Note. From “Analysis of Seventh Graders’ Hormones,” by W. Steeves, 2001, Journal of Despair, 98, p. 11.Reprinted with permission.

  18. Pressure from Home Pressure from Work Figure 13. Causes of stress and its effects among graduate students. But is this really necessary? According to whom? By the way, number tables and figures consecutively, that is, Table 1, Table 2, Table 3; Figure 1, Figure 2. . . . Dangerous Levels of Medications

  19. Seriation (Lists) • Vertical lists, go 1. 2. 3. 4. • In the paragraph, use (a), (b), (c). . . .

  20. tab1.tabIn a vertical list like this one, tab the 1. over, and tab again. 2. Double space. As in the last sentence, go back to the left margin.3. Use a #., not a #) or (#).

  21. but Limbaugh and Amin (2000) blamed the following for disruptive behavior among adolescents: 1. Not saying the Pledge of Allegiance at school in the morning. 2. Irresponsible parents. 3. The elimination of paddling.

  22. Blah blah Kerry (2004), who said it was (a) the right thing to do, (b) a mistake,and (c) the right thing to do but a mistake. But: Blah blah the Georgia senator, who encouraged banning (a) atheism; (b) pinkos, especially pinko demagogues; and (c) coed dancing.

  23. Headings (APA 3.31) • Keep your reader from getting lost. • A series of road signs. • Some choices depending on how many levels you have. • All levels belong in the table of contents, which on most word processing programs is generated automatically.

  24. Here’s how you’d do three levels: Next Level [L1] Next Level [L3] Next level. [L4]

  25. Here’s how you’d do three levels: Twentieth-Century Theorists {L1} Abraham Maslow {L3} Self-actualization. {L4} This concept arose during the theorist’s days at a deli counter on Murray Avenue in the Squirrel Hill area of

  26. Table of Contents • Twentieth-Century Theorists [L1]……………….14 • Abraham Maslow [L3]…………………… …14 • Maslow’s Influence[L4]……………….16 • Justin Timberlake [L3]………………………18 • Justin on Quantum Physics..……………25

  27. Twentieth-Century Theorists [L1] Blah blah blah these are really swell guys that I’ll be discussing. Abraham Maslow (1954) [L3] Blah blah svelt Maslow (1954) blah blah ya da da da da da self-actualization blah blah hungry but blah blah think sex is more important. Self-actualization . [L4] Self-actualization blah blah papers written by graduate students blah blah but did he ever play baseball or football? Justin Timberlake [L3] Blah blah blah Timberlake (2004) blah blah ya da da da da da talented and intelligent blah blah famous performance at the Super Bowl blah blah. Justin on quantum physics. The erudite performer (2004) blah blah whose secret work at the NSF was only recently revealed blah blah. . . .

  28. Spacing • Normally, double space. I accept single-spaced reference lists, block quotes, table titles and figure captions, and other places where readability is improved. • I prefer one space after a colon and period, but two spaces are accepted.

  29. Miscellaneous • Data and media are plural. • Use respectful and inclusive language. • No first person. • American not British English. • Avoid contractions.

  30. POP QUIZ My sister has three/3 children The plane was two/2 hours late. I’m going to eat lunch, take a nap and spend the whole evening writing a course paper. I am going to eat lunch, take a nap, and spend the whole evening writing a course paper. I may be 50/fifty but I don’t feel older than 49/forty-nine. I’m not old, I am a nontraditional/ non-traditional student.

  31. VERB TENSES First rule: The verb tense must make sense. Corporations lack the trust Americans had in them a decade ago. The U.S. manned space program has experienced setbacks / experienced a major setback. . . . There are growing concerns about the shortage of water in the American West. The crime rate fell during the 1990s.

  32. VERB TENSES Second rule: Report the literature in past tense. Freud (1917/1980) explained [not explains] that sometimes a cigar is just a cigar. Deming (1982) argued that blah blah. Bennis (1980) believed [not believes] Pumpernickel (2000) found that Moribund (2001) wrote that Talisman (2004) demonstrated/indicated/opined

  33. VERB TENSES Third rule: Report the literature in past tense, but it has to make sense. Parker (1935) claimed that boys do not make passes at girls who wear glasses. Bausch and Lomb (2002) studied male heterosexual college students (N=100) at Princeton and found that 75% of the students made passes at girls who wore glasses.

  34. Review Number 1 30. (10 and higher, plus element of time anyway.) Four, not 4. Use italics here. Use a serial comma. p.{space}432. Single space. Richards’s per APA self-image nonmarried In a study conducted some thirty years ago, Yenta, Bupkus, Pupik, and Kvetch (1974) identified 4 reasons for growing incidence of “hirsute visibility,” the tendency for hairy men to go shirtless at the beach. Yet O’Dell, O’Reilley and O’Connor (1981) found that a majority of women found hairy men to be “inspiring” and “thought-provoking” (p. 432). Richards’ (1992) study of Belgian women suggested that hairy, married European women had better self images than non-married women.

  35. Let’s Review Number 2 Nearly sixty percent of the respondents (N=120) in Jenkins’ (2001) study opposed the death penalty, on the following grounds, in descending order: (1) moral or religious conflict, (2) expense; and (3) sentencing injustices. Yet 80% (n=160) of the same sample said terrorists deserved the death penalty. The data in stage II of Jenkins study supports this contradiction as well. As shown in table 3, it’s mostly your liberals who are the biggest hypocrites on this matter.

  36. In-Text Citations: The Hows • You must supply page numbers for direct quotes from print sources or ¶ number for electronic ones. • You must use quotation marks if quoting a source directly (unless block quote). • Per APA 3.39, you are not required to provide page numbers for paraphrases, but “authors are encouraged to do so.” • Use secondary sources carefully.

  37. The Hows • Follow the conventions of the style manual. • In-text citations on pp. 117-122 & 207-214 • Reference lists chapter 5 (5th ed.) • http://www.apastyle.org.

  38. APA style uses author-date citations only. The authors (or in their absence, the title of the work) appears first, followed by the year of publication, and often a page number at the end of a sentence. Thron (2003) found that elves live at the South Pole as well as at the North Pole. Other research (Maurer, 1943) suggested that elves live in Bentonville, AR, home of merchandising giant Wal-Mart, quietly being sued for discriminatory hiring practices.

  39. APA style uses author-date citations only. When citing multiple authors in parentheses, use an ampersand. A northeastern liberal has as much chance of winning a national election “as does Captain Kangaroo” (Kelsey, Valen, & Dubiel, 2004, p. 211). Kelsey, Valen, and Dubiel (2004) found that “nuance is overrated” (p. 211).

  40. WAIT I MISSED THAT LAST ONE. WHAT WAS THAT AGAIN? (In parentheses, use &) Note: You gotta pay attention to stuff like punctuation, italics, and capital letters.

  41. Practice Text 1 Steinbrink, J. E., & Cook, J. W. (2003). Media literacy skills and the “war on terrorism.” Clearing House, 76(6), 284-288.

  42. The post-September 11 discussion in the U.S. media, based on fear of additional terror, showed an overwhelming preoccupation with nationalistic images and icons. The media’s“us versus them” discourse is based on patriotic motifs (U.S. flags everywhere); human-interest stories about the 9/11 victims that reinforce nationalism; and narratives that demonize “them,” such as reports about Taliban brutality and Palestinian suicide bombers. The net result of this media-manufactured nationalism (Burney, 2002) has been the cultivation of supreme loyalty as described by the slogan “war against terrorism.” Taken collectively, the media in the United States overwhelmingly support a form of egocentric nationalism and have been silenced into acquiescence because dissent is interpreted as non-nationalistic and unpatriotic.

  43. The post 9-11 discussion in the U.S. press, based on fear of additional terror, demonstrated an overwhelming preoccupation with nationalistic images. The media’s“us-vs.-them” discourse is based on patriotic themes ( flags everywhere); human-interest stories about the 9/11 victims that reinforce nationalism; andstories that demonize “them,” such as reports about the Taliban’s brutality and Palestinian suicide bombers. The result of this media-creatednationalism (Burney, 2002) has been the cultivation of supreme loyalty as described by the slogan “war against terrorism.” Taken collectively, the media in the United States overwhelmingly supports a form of egocentric nationalism and have been silenced because disagreement is interpreted as unpatriotic. PLAGIARISM

  44. 2. The post 9-11 discussion in the U.S. press, based on fear of more terror, demonstrated an overwhelming preoccupation with nationalistic images. The media’s“us-vs.-them” discourse is based on patriotic themes ( flags everywhere); human-interest stories about the 9/11 victims that reinforce nationalism; andstories that demonize “them,” such as reports about Saddam’s brutality and Palestinian suicide bombers. The result of this media-creatednationalism (Burney, 2002) has been the cultivation of supreme loyalty as described by the slogan “war against terrorism.” Taken collectively, the media in the United States overwhelmingly supports a form of egocentric nationalism and have been quieted because disagreement is interpreted as unpatriotic(Steinbrink & Cook, 2003). PLAGIARISM

  45. 3. According to Steinbrink and Cook (2003), the post 9-11 discussion in the U.S. press, based on fear of more terror, demonstrated an overwhelming preoccupation with nationalistic images. The media’s“us-vs.-them” discourse is based on patriotic themes ( flags everywhere); human-interest stories about the 9/11 victims that reinforce nationalism; andstories that demonize “them,” such as reports about Saddam’s brutality and Palestinian suicide bombers. The result of this media-creatednationalism (Burney, 2002) has been the cultivation of supreme loyalty as described by the slogan “war against terrorism.” Taken collectively, the media in the United States overwhelmingly supports a form of egocentric nationalism and have been quieted because disagreement is interpreted as unpatriotic(p. 285). Still plagiarized—Almost everything’s still right out of the original and there are no quotation marks and you didn’t read Burney.

  46. WAIT I MISSED THAT LAST ONE. WHAT WAS THAT AGAIN? Citing a source isn’t enough. If it’s a direct quote or close to it, you must paraphrase or use quotation marks.

  47. Crummy solution 1a. According to Steinbrink and Cook (2003), “The post-September 11 discussion in the U.S. media, based on fear of additional terror, showed an overwhelming preoccupation with nationalistic images and icons” (p. 285). The authors wrote that the news media created an “`us versus them’” monologue “based on patriotic motifs (U.S. flags everywhere); human-interest stories about the 9/11 victims that reinforce nationalism; and narratives that demonize” our enemies (p. 285). Thus, “the media in the United States overwhelmingly support a form of egocentric nationalism and have been silenced into acquiescence because dissent is interpreted as non-nationalistic and unpatriotic” (p. 285).  

  48. Crummy solution 1b. According to Steinbrink and Cook (2003), “The post-September 11 discussion in the U.S. media, based on fear of additional terror, showed an overwhelming preoccupation with nationalistic images and icons” (p. 285), resulting in a “media-manufactured nationalism” (Burney, as cited in Steinbrink & Cook, p. 285). The authors wrote that the news media created an “`us versus them’” monologue “based on patriotic motifs (U.S. flags everywhere); human-interest stories about the 9/11 victims that reinforce nationalism; and narratives that demonize” our enemies (p. 285). Thus, “the media in the United States overwhelmingly support a form of egocentric nationalism and have been silenced into acquiescence because dissent is interpreted as non-nationalistic and unpatriotic” (p. 285).

  49. Crummy Solution 2: Block Quote • Direct quotes 40 words or more. • Indent five spaces on the left; same margin on the right. single space preferred by some. • Usually no need for opening or closing ellipses. • Final punctuation comes before the parenthetical element. . . . and unpatriotic. (p. 285)  No punctuation 

  50. Steinbrink and Cook (2003) wrote that the post-September 11 discussion in the U.S. media, based on fear of additional terror, showed an overwhelming preoccupation with nationalistic images and icons. The media’s“us versus them” discourse is based on patriotic motifs (U.S. flags everywhere); human-interest stories about the 9/11 victims that reinforce nationalism; and narratives that demonize “them,” such as reports about Taliban brutality and Palestinian suicide bombers. (p. 285)  No punctuation 

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