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The Ancient World

Explore the journey of humanity from the first Paleolithic hunters 100,000 years ago in Africa to the flourishing civilizations in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and beyond. Discover early cave artists in Lascaux, the megalithic structures of Stonehenge, and the emergence of writing with the Sumerians. Examine Egypt's polytheistic beliefs, monumental constructions, and the cultural exchanges sparked by empires. Learn about the Indus Valley's unique society, the innovations of the Shang dynasty, and the artistry of Minoan and Mycenaean cultures.

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The Ancient World

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  1. The Ancient World

  2. First Humans • 100,0000 years ago. • From Africa to Asia, to Europe • Hunters • Worshipped forces of nature

  3. Paleolithic • 40,000-8,000 B.C. • Cave artists • Lascaux, France—bulls, humans • Caves used for ritual ceremonies

  4. Neolithic • 8000-2300 B.C. • Megalithic structures—Stonehenge • Post-and-lintel structures aligned with astronomical prositions

  5. Bronze Age • 2300-1000 B.C. • Began to cultivate the land • Civilization in Mesopotamia

  6. Mesopotamia • Present-day Iraq • The arts, writ6ing and law flourished • Empires dominated the Near East and northern Africa

  7. The Sumerians • 3500 B.C. • First people to use writing • Constructed monumental buildings • Music • Religion: violence • Ziggurats: pyramids with steps to the hereafter

  8. Empires of the Near East • Gilgamesh: hero-king of the Old Babylonians • Great Flood also recounted in the Hebrew Bible • Hammurabi’s legal code • Assyrians conquered lower Egypt • Nebuchadnezzar II – Ishtar Gate • Persians: Darius’ palace at Persepolis • Persepolis fell to Alexander the Great

  9. Egypt: Religion and Society • Polytheism • Pyramids of Giza • Belief in the immortality of the spirit • Treasures buried to ensure happiness after death

  10. The Arts of Egypt • Akhenaten: cult of the god Aten • Established court at Amarna with his queen Nefertiti • Intimacy in the pictorial depiction of humans • Tutankhamen: restores cult of Amon-Re • Ramesses II: monumental, richly-decorated tombs • Nefertari: his wife helped expand empire

  11. Decline of Egypt • Kush empire • Assyrians • Persians • Alexander the Great: Hellenistic culture

  12. The Indus Valley • 2600-1500 B.C. • Unfortified cities • System of writing, terracotta sculpture • Aryans conquered 1500 B.C. • Vedas: religious texts • Hinduism

  13. China • The Bronze Age • Shang dynasty (1700-1100 B.C.) • Carved jade, cast bronze • Zhou (1100-221 B.C.)

  14. Minoan Civilization • Crete (2500-1250 B.C.) • Palace-cities • Artisans: jewelry, figurines • Women unusually free and equal

  15. Mycenaean Civilization • Greek mainland (1600-1150 B.C.) • Mycenaens: warriors and pirates • Treasure found in Mycenae includes the “Mask of Agamemnon” • After Trojan War, Mycenae fell

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