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The Harding Presidency

The Harding Presidency.

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The Harding Presidency

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  1. The Harding Presidency Warren G. Harding declared, "America's present need is not heroics, but healing; not nostrums, but normalcy; not revolution, but restoration; not agitation, but adjustment; not surgery, but serenity; not the dramatic, but the dispassionate; not experiment, but equipoise; not submergence in internationality, but sustainment in triumphant nationality....“ HUH????

  2. “Less government in business and more business in government.” • What is Harding saying??? Can you foresee any economic legislation based on this? • Cut federal budget • Tax cuts on wealthiest • Protective Tariffs • Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1920) • Increased to 60%, highest ever!

  3. International Policy • Germany defaulting on reparations (England and France really needed the money) • Dawes Plan, created by Charles Dawes • American investors loaned German $2.5 billion to pay back Britain and France • Britain and France then repaid the USA • Impact on USA-Britain/French relations?

  4. International Policy • Finally make peace with Germany, 1921 • Washington Arms Conference (1922) • Nine Power Act - Open Door in Asia is recognized. This limited imperialistic competition. • Five Power Act - Ship building froze for ten years. Some ships scrapped. • Ratios set at 5:5:3:1.75:1.75 between US, GB, Japan, France, Italy. • FIRST TIME DISARMED!!!!

  5. Harding’s Administration • Harding hiring highly skilled cabinet members. • U.S. Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon reformed the tax system. • Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes and Commerce Secretary Herbert Hoover were also incredibly successful cabinet members.

  6. Scandals • Ohio Gang – friends who are part of Harding’s cabinet (what does this sound like…?) • Teapot Dome • Oil rich land in Wyoming and California was secretly leased out to two private oil companies • Albert Fall (Secretary of Interior) received more than $400,000 for leasing the land out & interest free loan (bribes) It is not my enemies, "but my damned friends … they're the ones that keep me walking the floor nights!" Harding

  7. Harding dies while campaigning in summer 1923 • VP Calvin Coolidge becomes President • Harding was regarded as one of the worst presidents….

  8. "His great task was to restore the dignity and prestige of the Presidency when it had reached the lowest ebb in our history ... in a time of extravagance and waste...."

  9. Calvin Coolidge or Chaos1924 Election

  10. Sound Familiar… • In his first message to Congress in December 1923 , Coolidge called for isolation in foreign policy, and for tax and economic cuts, and limited aid to farmers. • “…..The chief business of the American people is business, “ Calvin Coolidge • Regulation of business was “thin to the point of invisibility”

  11. Electricity Spreads • Why does this matter? • Live further from cities • Lots new appliances!

  12. Automobile • Model T - The most significant “invention” of the 20th century (automobile for the masses)? • 1920 – 8 million registered automobiles; by 1929 – 23 million registered automobiles • If people have cars, what do you need? • ROADS • Federal Highway Legislation • 1916 – pay ½ cost state roads • 1921 11 western states create highways • 1926 US Highway 66 • Chicago to LA

  13. The Impact of Automobiles & Highways • Vulcanized rubber (tires) • Auto body shops • Metal (frame) • Glass (windshield) • Towns • Gas stations • Shopping centers • Bridges & tunnels (Lincoln Tunnel – 1927) • Vacations • Motels • Diners • Commute to work • Lots of new jobs • What happens to railroads? • Social changes • Bedroom on wheels?

  14. Can you think of any other industry that might flourish as a result of all of these new products? ADVERTISING!! • Total Spending: • Pre World War I:  $300-400 mil/ year • 1929: about $3 billion How do people afford to buy everything they want to buy? • CREDIT! • Installment Plans, “Play now, pay Later” 60% of furniture 75% of radios

  15. The NEW Consumer Society • Which product to buy??? • Which color to buy??? • When to replace with a newer model??

  16. Coolidge “Prosperity”

  17. The Stuff No One Cares About… • Pro Civil Rights & Anti-Lynching Legislation • Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 • Kellogg-Briand Pact “renounce war as an instrument of national policy”

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