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Surprising Experimental Results

Explore surprising experimental results and the intriguing world of atomic spectra, orbitals, electron behavior, and the periodic table. Delve into quantum mechanics, energy levels, electron configurations, and the fundamental properties of atoms. Understand the significance of the periodic table in unraveling the mysteries of chemistry.

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Surprising Experimental Results

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  1. Surprising Experimental Results • Atomic spectra • Atoms are found to give off unique colors of light rather than the rainbow type spectra of a normal light bulb • Experiment last class illustrated this. • Do you understand this result? GSCI 163 Spring 2010

  2. Surprising Experimental Results • BB radiation • Photo-electric effect • … Knowing the problems is irrelevant for this class but recognizing that a new approach was introduced and the consequences of this approach for atoms is essential. GSCI 163 Spring 2010

  3. Add QM • Every atom has a set of energy levels 1,2,3,4... • The levels are made up of orbitals labeled by a convention that we need to learn. • S,P,D,F GSCI 163 Spring 2010

  4. Orbitals 1S 2S 4F 2P GSCI 163 Spring 2010

  5. 6 possible transitions each one a different but fixed amount of energy is released or absorbed in order to jump down or up. smallest largest GSCI 163 Spring 2010

  6. Behave like an atom • Throw a ball when you jump down. • Catch a ball to jump up • Ball must match the jump. GSCI 163 Spring 2010

  7. spin • Electrons have a new characteristic SPIN • Spin up • Spin down GSCI 163 Spring 2010

  8. Need to know BUILD PERIODIC TABLE • Light is quantized (orbital jumps) and a particle of light is called  photon • Orbital structure and names (previous diagram) 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f • Electron has spin • Pauli exclusion: No two electrons can occupy the same state (orbital) • Spin and Pauli  2 electrons per orbital • Orbitals are grouped into shells • The orbital configuration remains roughly the same for each atom (subtle) so that the shell structure is a general characteristic of all atoms. • Electron configuration is represented as 1s22s22p3 • The last or highest shell for an atom is the valence shell. • The valence shell determines the chemistry and properties. 2s22p3 • This orbital structure has a repeating pattern 2s22p3 3s23p3 4s24p3 5s25p3 B Al Ga In GSCI 163 Spring 2010

  9. GSCI 163 Spring 2010

  10. Metals • Non-metals • Noble gases • Groups • Periods • Others  lanthanoids … GSCI 163 Spring 2010

  11. Noble gases don’t interact • Metals conduct • Nuclear charge (number of protons) • Mass of atoms GSCI 163 Spring 2010

  12. PT atom size GSCI 163 Spring 2010

  13. First Ionization  energy required to remove first electron GSCI 163 Spring 2010

  14. Electronegativity & Electron affinity Ability to add an electron Electronegativity TREND Noble gasses do not accept electrons Electron Affinity  Measure energy released when electron added GSCI 163 Spring 2010

  15. Periodic Table • What does it tell us about chemistry? • Properties of atoms in the table • From where does this structure come? • Orbital structure and filling GSCI 163 Spring 2010

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