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Enhancements in Animal and Plant Traits through Selective Breeding and Genetic Mutations

Selective breeding is a practice where farmers choose parents for desired traits to produce offspring with these characteristics, which can greatly enhance agricultural productivity. For example, corn has been selectively bred for larger kernels, while dogs have been bred for specific traits such as herding. Chromosomal mutations, such as the extra copy of chromosome 21 in Down's syndrome, highlight genetic risk factors in humans. Amniocentesis can detect these chromosomal abnormalities in fetuses, aiding in prenatal diagnosis. Factors like radiation can increase mutation rates, impacting both plants and animals.

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Enhancements in Animal and Plant Traits through Selective Breeding and Genetic Mutations

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  1. Genetics and Society

  2. Give an example of a plant and an animal where a characteristic has been enhanced by selective breeding Give an example of a chromosomal mutation in a plant or animal which is of economic importance State that amniocentesis can be used to detect chromosomal abnormalities before birth Give an example of a factor which can affect the mutation rate Describe a human condition such as Down’s syndrome, which is caused by a chromosome mutation

  3. Selective breeding is choosing parents with the desired characteristic to produce offspring with the same desirable trait. In farming, this is economically important, as farmers will have more product to sell. Mutation – a change in the genetic material of an organism Mutations can be sped up by mutagenic agents such as radiation, or certain chemicals (e.g., mustard gas)

  4. Some mutations can be useful, e.g., some plants have more than one set of chromosomes allowing them to produce more fruit. However, some mutations have an adverse affect. E.g., Down’s Syndrome. Down’s syndrome affects the mental development of a person, and is caused by having an extra copy of chromosome 21.

  5. Amniocentesis can be carried out to detect if a foetus has any mutations. Cells from foetus will be present in amniotic fluid. A sample is taken, cells are grown, and chromosomes are then counted.

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