Unit 10 World War II and the Cold War- Answers

1. Unit 10World War II and the Cold War- Answers Complete the Guided Reading as you view the Power Point.

2. Unit 10: • Objective 10.01: Elaborate on the causes of World War II and reasons for the United States’ entry into the war. • Essential Questions: • • What factors combined to draw the world and ultimately the U. S. into World War II? • • Was US involvement in the World War II inevitable? • • Were the reasons for the US’s entry into the World War II justifiable?

3. Causes of World War II

4. Groundwork For War: • After WWI Europe suffered effects from a worldwide depression • People got angry in all nations and began to voice their opinions • Totalitarian governments began to rise to power • Totalitarian: government where personal freedoms are restricted and political opposition is prohibited • Why is it important? • Germany: Adolf Hitler took power • Italy: Benito Mussolini took power • Supported fascism: government where the state is more important than the people- controls economy, suppresses opposition, and has a dictator

5. Hitler and Mussolini: • Mussolini wanted to build an Italian empire like the ancient Romans • He planned to do it through strict government controls and a strong military • He was supported by people who feared the spread of Communism • 1922 Italy’s Constitutional Monarchy was in trouble • Why is it important? • Mussolini took control as a dictator and eliminated his political opposition

6. Hitler and Mussolini: • Germany was blamed for WWI • This caused the country great embarrassment and anger • Adolf Hitler took advantage of people’s fears and anger and convinced the people of Germany that if given the chance he could restore Germany to the great power it was before WWI and take revenge on those that had hurt Germany • Hitler blamed Jews, the betrayal of the German Republic, and Germany’s enemies in WWI for the nation’s troubles

7. Hitler and Mussolini: • Why is it important? • 1933 Hitler and the Nazis took power • Disposed of all opposition • Called himself the Fuhrer (leader) • Called his new government the Third Reich • Envisioned a German empire that would rule the world

8. Japan: • Japan gave suffrage to males and elected Emperor Hirohito • Japansuffered from the worldwide depression after WWI • As an island it had limited natural resources • Leaders saw territorial expansion as the answer to gaining more resources • 1931 Japan’s army occupied the Chinese province of Manchuria • Japan’s democratic government divided and later collapsed- military leaders took control

9. Attempts at peace and Acts of Aggression: • To continue the policy of isolationism the U.S. signed the Kellogg-Brand Pact: promised to negotiate rather than go to war over future conflicts- signed by more than 60 countries • Problem: no way to enforce the Pact • Germany, Italy, and Japan disregarded the Pact and invaded other countries

10. Mussolini Invades Ethiopia: • 1935 Italy invaded Ethiopia • League of Nations condemned the invasion • League imposed economic sanctions on Italy- (economic penalties) • Hitler offered to help Italy • Why is it important? • The League didn’t force Italy out of Africa • Germany and Italy were now partners

11. Hitler Desires to Expand His Borders: • 1936 Hitler moved his troops into the Rhineland in direct violation of the Treaty of Versailles • Britain and France did nothing to stop him because they were trying to avoid another war • March 1938 Hitler annexed Austria into Germany • Again no countries tried to stop him • September 1938 Hitler demanded to annex the western region of Czechoslovakia called the Sudetenland because 3.5 million Germans lived there

12. The Munich and Non-Aggression Pacts: • British Prime Minister: Neville Chamberlain • Britain and France chose to follow a policy of appeasement when dealing with Germany’s actions • Appeasement: policy of giving into an aggressors demands in hopes that he/she will become satisfied and future conflicts will be avoided • Great Britain and France signed the Munich Pact allowing Germany to take the Sudetenland • Hitler agreed not to take over anymore land

13. The Munich and Non-Aggression Pacts: • Why is it important? • Britain and France believed Hitler • Chamberlain’s opponent in the British Parliament, Winston Churchill, disagreed with the Munich Pact • Churchill said it would lead to war

14. The Munich and Non-Aggression Pacts: • Hitler signed the Munich Pact “with his fingers crossed”- already had plans to invade and conquer the Soviet Union • Hitler wanted the Soviet territory as lebensraum: living space • He wanted to expand the German territory for the empire he was planning to build • Hitler learned from WWI that fighting the Russian on the East and the French on the West would be costly • 1939 he signed a Non-Aggression Pact with the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin

15. The Munich and Non-Aggression Pacts: • Why is it important? • Germany and the Soviet Union agreed not to invade to attack each other • Hitler hoped this would give him time to invade France • Stalin knew Hitler would not keep his promise, but he hoped the pact would give him time to prepare for a German invasion

16. Japanese Aggression: • After Japan invaded Manchuria the League of nations demanded they withdraw • Japan instead withdrew from the League of Nations • The League could not stop international aggression so China agreed to sign a treaty with Japan that gave them Manchuria • 1937 Japan began trying to take the rest of China • 1938 Japan had captured all the major cities of the Chinese coast

17. Japanese Aggression: • 1940 Germany, Italy, and Japan became allies with one another and formed the Axis Powers

18. The U.S. Remains Neutral: • The U.S. continued to practice isolationism: policy to keep the nation out of international disputes • Due to the devastation of WWI and the Great Depression most people in the U.S. wanted the government of stay out of foreign affairs and concentrate on the people of this nation • 1935 Congress passed the Neutrality Act: prohibited the selling of weapons to warring nations

19. The U.S. Remains Neutral: • President Roosevelt (FDR) knew the danger of aggressive nations and the threat they posed to the U.S. • 1937 FDR gave his Quarantine Speech: called for economic and diplomatic sanctions against aggressive nations • Although we were neutral this meant we would be taking actions against other nations • Strong believers in isolationism disagreed with the speech because they saw it as a way for FDR to take sides against Germany and Italy

20. Unit 10: • Objective 10.02: Identify military, political, and diplomatic turning points of the war and determine their significance to the outcome and • aftermath of the conflict. • Essential Questions: • • To what extent did the military, political, and diplomatic turning points of World War II determine the outcome and aftermath of the • war? • • How were America and the world different because of the events of World War II? • • What changes to society resulted from the treatment of various groups of people during World War II?

21. The World Goes to War

22. The War in Europe: • Hitler broke his promise of the Munich Pact and invaded Czechoslovakia • September 1, 1939 Hitler invaded Poland • Hitler invaded by using the tactic of blitzkrieg: lightening warfare • In less than a month most of Poland was under Nazi control • Germany and the Soviet Union secretly agreed in the Non-Aggression Pact to invade Poland together • Stalin and the Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east and controlled the other half

23. The War in Europe: • Why is it important? • Great Britain and France told Poland they would come to their defense if Germany attacked • September 3, 1939 Great Britain and France declared war on Germany • World War II had begun in Europe!!!

24. The Fall of France: • May 1940 Chamberlain resigned from office • Winston Churchill became the new British Prime Minister • Germany quickly moved toward France capturing countries in its path • June 1914 France surrendered to Germany • Hitler forced France to sign a treaty that gave control of half of France to Germany and control of the other half to a French Pro-German government • To humiliate France as payback for WWI, Hitler forced France to sign the agreement in the same train car used to sign the Treaty of Versailles

25. The Battle of Britain: • Originally Hitler did not want a war with great Britain because he did not need the territory to achieve his “living space” for his new empire • When he realized Britain would not make peace with Germany, Hitler to try to defeat them too • At this point Britain was alone to fight Germany with France defeated, and the U.S. isolated

26. The Battle of Britain: • Hitler planned to destroy Britain’s Royal Air Force before he crossed the English Channel to invade Britain • Battle of Britain: thousands of German planes bombed British airfields and cities nightly from July to October • Although their cities were bombed every night Churchill led the nation to stand strong against the attacks and continue to live their lives • The Royal Air Force held off the German invasion • Why is it important? • Proved Hitler could be defeated

27. Discovery Education Videos: • Battle of Britain

28. Keep Calm and Carry On

29. The United States Enters the War: • 1940 FDRwas elected to a 3rdterm as president • FDR knew the U.S. couldn’t stay neutral for much longer • March 1941 Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act: allowed the president to send aid to any nation who defense was believed to be important to the security of the U.S • August 1941 FDR met with Prime Minister Chruchill to write the Atlantic Charter: agreement on common principles aimed at guaranteeing the freedom and welfare of countries after the war • Eventually served as the foundation of the United Nations

30. Pearl Harbor: • The U.S. imposed an embargo on Japan and refused to ship oil and steel • Japan decided to take what they needed by force • After conquering Manchuria and much of ChinaGeneral TojoHidckidecided to take the natural resources from Southeast Asia and the Dutch East Indies

31. Pearl Harbor: • The U.S. had a naval fleet (ships) stationed at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii • Admiral Yamamoto of Japan developed a plan to attack the U.S. naval fleet by surprise • The U.S. knew Japan had a plan to attack, they just didn’t know where- they thought it would be in the Philippines, not Hawaii • Japan attacked Pearl harbor Hawaii at 8:00 a.m. Sunday December 7, 1941 • In less than 2 hours Japan had sunk over 12 ship and warplanes • Over 3,000 people were killed

32. Pearl Harbor: • Why is it important? • President Roosevelt described it as “a day that will live in infamy…” • Congress approved a declaration of war on December 8, 1941 • The U.S. was now in World War II • British Prime Minister Churchill was excited we joined the War • Japanese Admiral Yamamoto was afraid they had “awakened a sleeping giant”

33. Four Freedoms: • FDR declared 4 Freedoms he believed to be essential and reasons the U.S. would be fighting in WWII 1. Freedom of Speech and Expression 2. Freedom of every person to worship God in his own way 3. Freedom from Want 4. Freedom from Fear

34. Major Military, Political, and Diplomatic Turning Points of the War

35. North Africa and Italy: • Three days after Pearl harbor Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S. • Germany had attacked the Soviet Union • Stalin wanted the U.S. and Britain to attack Germany in France to force Germany to divide its attention between two fronts (Soviet Union on the East and France on the West) • FDR and Churchill did not think the Allies were ready to defend France so they focused their attention on North Africa

36. North Africa and Italy: • North Africa was important because the Allies wanted to be able to use the Suez Canal to transport ships, soldiers, and supplies • Allies: nations opposed to the Axis Powers of Germany, Japan, and Italy • Operation Torch: invasion by the Allies intended to drive the Axis Powers off the continent of Africa • General Erwin Rommel: commander of Allied troops in Africa, nicknamed the Desert Fox

37. North Africa and Italy: • Why is it important? • Axis forces surrendered in Africa • Showed all countries involved that the Allies had a very good chance to win WWII

38. Picture of African and the Suez Canal

39. North Africa and Italy: • Casablanca, Morocco: location of meeting between FDR, and Churchill to discuss the Allies next moves in WWII • Decided to invade Italy and attack Japan • Why is it important: • Decided to accept nothing less than unconditional surrender: the winner would set all the conditions of the surrender and the loser would have no voice

40. North Africa and Italy: • George S. Patton led the Allies into Sicily and arrested the Italian monarch and Mussolini • The Allies then moved into the Italian mainland • It took the Allies a very long time to fully capture Italy from the Axis Powers • The U.S. lost 190,000 soldiers in the fight for Italy

41. North Africa and Italy: • Picture of Italy

42. Invasion of the Soviet Union and the Battle of Stalingrad: • June 1941 Hitler attacked the Soviet Union • As the Germans invaded the soldiers raped women, burned homes, and executed large numbers of civilians (people not in the military) • The Soviet Red Army took a stand at the city of Stalingrad (named after Stalin) • Hitler wanted to capture the city as symbol of Soviet defeat • Stalin wanted to save the city as a symbol of national pride

43. Invasion of the Soviet Union and the Battle of Stalingrad: • The Germans attacked Stalingrad with all their force • The Soviets held off the Germans and defended Stalingrad until the harsh Russian winter began • Why is it important? • The Soviets used the winter weather to their advantage • The Soviets forced 90,000 German soldiers to surrender • The Soviets saved the city, forced the Germans back, and changed the course of the war in Europe forever- if the Germans had won Stalingrad, the war may have had a different outcome

44. D-Day: • FDR, Churchill, Stalin met at the Tehran Conference and agreed to… • Open a second front in France to help take some German pressure off of the Soviet Union • Dwight D. Eisenhower was made Supreme Allied Commander of Operation Overlord- the invasion of Normandy to liberate France • D-Day: June 6, 1944: first day of Operation Overlord • Allies were able to liberate France from German occupation in August 1944

45. D-Day: • The Allies were able to continue fighting because they used airdrops to get supplies to soldiers • Airdrops: planes would drop food, weapons, tanks, and artillery down to soldiers on the ground so they could keep fighting and stay strong • Airdrops were also used to drop propaganda pamphlets to try to convince the enemy to join the Allies

46. Battle of the Bulge: • From France the Allies began to move toward Germany • Battle of the Bulge: As the Allies marched toward Germany, Hitler tried to divide the Allied forces in half to reduce their strength and power • General Patton led the Allies to defeat the Germans in the Battle of the Bulge

47. Victory in Europe: • February 1945 the Big Three: FDR, Churchill, and Stalin met at the Yalta Conference to discuss their military strategy and after war policies • Stalin agreed to declare war on Japan after Germany was defeated • Stalin agreed to allow democratic elections in Eastern European countries freed from German occupation • FDR and Churchill agreed to let Stalin have some of Poland and Japanese held islands in China • Soviet Union was to receive half of the war reparations from Germany as payback for the large number of Soviet casualties in WWII

48. Victory in Europe: • These decisions were written in the Yalta Declaration • Included a provision to divide Germany into 4 zones after the war to be controlled by the U.S., Britain, France, and the USSR (Soviet Union) • Agreed to establish a United Nations as a permanent peace-keeping organization

49. Victory in Europe: • Churchill wanted Eisenhower to get his troops to Berlin, Germany before the Soviets because he didn’t trust Stalin • That didn’t happen • The western Allies joined the Soviet troops about 100 miles away from Berlin • Why is it important? • Hitler committed suicide April 30, 1945 • Germany surrendered unconditionally • The war in Europe was over • May 8, 1945 was celebrated as Victory in Europe Day (V-E Day) • President Roosevelt died April 12, 1945 before WWII ended

50. War in the Pacific: • Within hours of the attack on Pearl harbor the Japanese attacked the U.S. airbase in the Philippines and destroyed half of the U.S. planes • The Japanese took control of the Philippines • The only good news to the U.S. was that the aircraft carriers were not destroyed at Pearl harbor and were still functioning and ready for battle