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Understanding Lung Function and the Respiration Process: Mechanisms, Rates, and Assessment

This article explores the essential functions of the lungs in gas exchange, detailing how oxygen is transferred from air to blood and carbon dioxide is expelled. It outlines the processes of external and internal respiration, differentiates between costal and diaphragmatic breathing, and reviews the respiratory control mechanisms in the brain. Additionally, we discuss factors affecting respiration rates, normal and abnormal patterns of breathing, and methods for assessing respiratory function. Learn about conditions such as dyspnea and important clinical signs to monitor.

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Understanding Lung Function and the Respiration Process: Mechanisms, Rates, and Assessment

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  1. V/S, Respiration

  2. Function of the Lungs • Provide transfer of Oxygen form air to blood • Inhaled=21% • Exhaled=16% • Provide transfer of carbon dioxide out

  3. What is the Respiration? It is the act of breathing through inhalation (inspiration) and exhalation. External respiration : interchange of O2 and CO2 b/w alveoli and pulmonary blood. Internal respiration : interchange of O2 and CO2 b/w circulating blood and cells of body tissues.

  4. Costal (thoracic) breathing : Involves external inter-costal Muscles and accessory muscles (sterno-cleido-mastoid) The chest moved upward and outward

  5. Diaphragmatic (abdominal) respiration : contraction and relaxation of diaphragm. • Observed by abdominal movement

  6. Mechanics and Regulation of Breathing

  7. Figure 29-15 Respiratory inhalation. Lateral view

  8. Figure 29-15 (continued) Respiratory inhalation. Anterior view.

  9. Figure 29-16 Respiratory exhalation. Lateral view

  10. Figure 29-16(continued) Respiratory exhalation. Anterior view.

  11. Respiratory control • Respiratory center in medulla oblongata and the pons of the brain • Chemo-receptors located in medulla and carotid artery and aorta

  12. Factors Affecting Respiration Factors ↑ Resp. • Exercise • Stress • ↑ environmental temp. • Lowered O2 concentrations at increased altitudes Factors ↓ Resp. • Certain medication e.g. narcotics • ↑ ICP

  13. Respiratory rates • 15-20 Breaths/m (teen ages- above 70 years) • 15-25 B/m (5 - 10 years) • 20-40 B/m (1 year) • 30-80 B/m (new born)

  14. Assessing respiration • Complete cycles of respiration for one minute. • Consider influences and factors affecting respiration and medications • Don’t tell the client when counting respiration

  15. Description of respiratory rate • Normal respiratory rate and depth= eupnoea • Slow resp. = bradypnea • Fast resp. = tachpnea (polypnea) • Absence breathing = apnea

  16. Respiratory volume • Hypoventilation • Hyperventilation

  17. Respiratory Rhythm • Cheyne-stokes breathing : very deep to very shallow and temporary apnea.

  18. Ease and Efforts • Dyspnea • Orthopnea : ability to breath only in upright sitting or standing positions.

  19. Breathing sounds • Stridor (laryngeal obstruction) • Stretor (snoring)(partial obstruction of URT) • Wheeze (whistling) (narrowed or partial obstruction of airways) • Bubbling (gurgling) (moist secretions in respiratory tract)

  20. Chest movements • Intercostal retraction (b/w ribs) • Substernal retraction (beneath breast bone) • Suprasternal retraction (above clavicles)

  21. Secretions and coughing • Hemoptysis • Productive cough • Non-productive cough

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