Energy transfer

1. Energy transfer

2. Lesson 2 – Heat Transfer • Aims: • recall that energy transfer may take place by conduction, convection and radiation. • describe the role of convection in everyday phenomena. • describe how insulation is used to reduce energy transfers from buildings and the human body.

3. HOTCOLD Heat is a type of energy called thermal energy. Heat can be transferred (moved) by three main processes: 1. conduction 2. convection 3. radiation During heat transfer, thermal energy always moves in the same direction: Heat energy only flows when there is a temperature difference from a w______ area to a c______ area. armer ooler

4. How are the particles arranged in a solid, a liquid and a gas? gas solid liquid Particles that are very close together can transfer heat energy as they vibrate. This type of heat transfer is called conduction. Conduction is the method of heat transfer in solids but not liquids and gases. Why? What type of solids are the best conductors?

5. Conduction The heat energy conducts along the handle to your hand Conduction is the method of heat transfer in solids. If you touch the handle of a metal saucepan that has been heated, the heat from the saucepan will conduct along the metal handle into your hand.

6. Graphite is a non-metal that is a good conductor of heat. If you heat one end of a graphite rod, the heat travels to the other end. As the rod is heated, the atoms vibrate. These vibrations make the adjacent/neighboured atoms vibrate, and so on. This is how the heat energy travels along the rod.

7. heat The outer electrons of metal atoms are not attached to any particular atom. They are free to move between the atoms. When a metal is heated, the free electrons gain kinetic energy. This means that the free electrons move faster and transfer the energy throughout the metal. This makes heat transfer in metals very efficient. Insulators do not have these free electrons, which is why they do not conduct heat as well as metals.

8. Convection

9. heat Liquids and gases can behave in similar ways and so are called fluids. What happens to the particles in a fluid when it is heated? less dense fluid The heated fluid particles gain energy, so they move about more and spread out. The same number of particles now take up more space so the fluid has become less dense.

10. Cooler regions of a fluid are more dense than warmer regions of the same fluid. The cooler regions will sink as they have the greatest mass per unit volume. The warmer regions will rise as they have a lower density. In effect, they float on top of the denser, cooler regions. This is how heat transfer takes place in fluids and is called convection.

11. Convection current hot water cools hot water rises cool water sinks cool water warms This is called aconvection current.

13. Convection currents The air reaching land is heated, the air becomes hotter, the air particles move faster, the air expands, becomes less dense and rises. The air then cools, its particles move slower, it contracts, becomes more dense and falls.

15. Sea breeze • In sunshine, the land warms up more quickly than the sea • Heat is conducted from the land to the air layer immediately next to it, so this air becomes warmer than that over the sea • The warmer air over the land rises, because it is now less dense, and the cooler air above the sea moves inland, forming a convection current or breeze, blowing in from the sea - this is called a sea breeze

16. At night, the land cools more quickly than the sea • The warmer air is now over the sea • This air rises and the cooler air moves from the land towards the sea - this is called a land breeze

17. Why is the freezer compartment at the top of a fridge? freezer compartment The freezer compartment is at the top because cool air sinks. The freezer cools the air at the top and this cold air cools the food on the way down. It is warmer at the bottom of the fridge. This warmer air rises and so a convection current is set up.

18. Why does hot air rise and cold air sink? Cool air is more dense than warm air. The cool air ‘falls through’ the warm air and so the warm air rises to the top. Why are boilers placed beneath hot water tanks in people’s homes? Hot water rises. When the boiler heats the water, and the hot water rises, the water tank is filled with hot water.

20. The water at the top quickly boils, while the water at the bottom remains cold - the ice does not melt . This indicates that water is a poor conductor of heat. Gases are also poor conductors.

21. The air above the candle is heated, and becomes less dense, so it rises, and cooler air is drawn into the left-hand funnel, and is made visible by the smoke.

22. Radiation

23. Radiation Heat radiation is emitted by all objects above absolute zero and travels in straight lines. Radiation is the only method of heat transfer that does not require particles as a medium. This means it is the only method of heat transfer that can travel through a vacuum.

24. Earth is warmed by heat energy from the Sun. How does this heat energy travel from the Sun to the Earth? ? infrared radiation There are no particles between the Sun and the Earth so the heat cannot travel by conduction or by convection. The heat travels to Earth by infrared waves. They are similar to light waves and are able to travel through empty space.

25. Heat can move by travelling as infrared waves. These are electromagnetic waves, like light waves, but with a longer wavelength. This means that infrared waves act like light waves: • They can travel through a vacuum. • They travel at the same speed as light – 300,000,000 m/s. • They can be reflected and absorbed. Infrared waves heat objects that absorbthem and so can be called thermal radiation.

26. Radiation Radiation

27. Radiation Radiation

28. Greenhouses 《physics for you》 P50

29. Greenhouses Effect

30. Greenhouses Effect

31. Absorption of Radiation Absorption of Radiation

32. Absorbing & Emitting Radiation Absorbing & Emitting Radiation

33. worst emitter best emitter silver matt black white worst absorber best absorber Infrared waves heat objects that absorb(take in) them. Some surfaces are better at absorbing thermal radiation than others – good emitters are also good absorbers. Matt black surfaces are the best absorbers of radiation. Shiny surfaces are the worst emitters because they reflect most of the radiation away. Why are solar panels that are used for heating water covered in a black outer layer?

34. Emitting Radiation Emitting Radiation

35. worst emitter best emitter silver matt black white All objects emit (give out) some thermal radiation. Some surfaces are better at emitting thermal radiation than others. Matt black surfaces are the best emitters of radiation. Shiny surfaces are the worst emitters of radiation. Which type of kettle would cool down faster: a black kettle or a shiny metallic kettle?

36. Why are houses painted white in hot countries? White reflects heat radiation and so keeps the house cooler. Why are shiny foil blankets wrapped around marathon runners at the end of a race? The shiny metal reflects the heat radiation from the runner back in to their body, which stops the runner from getting cold.

37. Why is black cool? The black smock absorbs infra red radiation from the Sun and becomes hot. It heats the air inside and causes a convection current. Cool air is pushed in the bottom. Although the air and garment are hot the movement of air keeps the person cool.

40. Insulation at home

41. Charlie forgot to take the chicken out of the freezer last night! Will his plan to defrost the chicken in time for lunch work?

42. Insulation Poor conductors are called insulators. Wood, snow and gases are excellent insulators. Insulation works because of the air space… foam, fibre glass, double glazed windows.

43. How does it insulate?

44. Uses of energy

45. Home insulation

46. In houses, energy is lost from the roof, the door, the walls, the windows and the floors. Most energy is lost through the roof and walls. In order to reduce electricity bills and pollution, energy losses must be kept to a minimum.

47. Reducing heat loss – curtains Curtains reduce draughts (convection currents) leaving the house. They are opaque and so don’t allow much radiated heat to pass through them.

48. Reducing heat loss – walls convection currents in the cavity foam prevents convection currents Most outside walls have an empty space between the two layers of bricks called a cavity. This reduces heat loss by conduction through the bricks. Cavity wall foam insulation is pumped in-between the bricks to prevent convection within the cavity.

49. Window insulation • Double glazed windows trap a small amount of air between two panes of glass. • The air cannot move very much so energy loss by conduction through the glass is reduced.

50. Preventing heat transfer at home. Double glazed windows consist of two panes of glass with a layer of air trapped in between. This reduces conduction losses since there are two panes, so increasing the thickness of the window. Also, the air trapped in between is a very good insulator. This reduces conduction losses further