The Duel for North America

1. The Duel for North America

2. 1524 Mapped NC to Newfoundland First European to see the New York Harbor Italian working for the French crown Giovanni Verrazano

3. Jacques Cartier was a navigator who made three voyages for France to the North American continent between 1534 and 1542. He explored the St. Lawrence River and gave Canada its name. Jacques Cartier

4. He made several expeditions to North America before founding Quebec in 1608 (capital of New France), eventually heavily fortified. He discovered Lake Champlain in 1609 . Father of New France Samuel de Champlain

5. Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/chicago/peopleevents/p_mandj.html • 1673 -In two canoes paddled by five , Marquette and Joliet crossed Wisconsin in the summer of 1673 and followed the Mississippi hundreds of miles south to Arkansas — far enough to confirm that it drained into the Gulf of Mexico but not so far that they would be captured by the Spanish. • Marquette and Joliet did not discover the Mississippi. Indians had been using it for thousands of years, and Spanish explorer Hernando De Soto had crossed it more than a century before them. They did confirm, however, that it was possible to travel easily from the Great Lakes all the way to the Gulf of Mexico by water, that the native peoples who lived along the route were generally friendly, and that the natural resources of the lands in between were extraordinary. • Equipped with this information, French officials led by LaSalle would erect a 4,000-mile network of trading posts to systematically exploit those riches over the next century and a half.

6. Explored the Great Lakes 1682, followed the Mississippi River all the way to the Gulf and named Louisiana, by 1718 home to large plantations. Followed by Mobile, New Orleans, Ft. St. Louis (Victoria, TX) http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/stlouis/index.html Robert de Salle

7. 1687 -La Salle is killed in a mutiny when he attempts a desperate march from his outpost on the Texas coast to French settlements on the upper Mississippi for assistance. Those who remain behind at Fort St. Louis have all perished by the time Spanish forces, patrolling the region against a rumored French incursion, discover their settlement in 1689.

8. French/Native Relationships • Mainly male fur trappers came over, known as “Coureurs de bois” or “runners of the woods.” • Many lived among the natives and intermarried. • Missionaries converted thousands, tolerating many native customs. • The English could offer better goods to trade but were not as tolerant.

9. The Iroquois Confederacy (Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, and Oneida) had defeated the Hurons in the 1640s (trading partners with the French). • This pushed the French further into the interior to find trading partners. • The Iroquois were trading partners with the English and Dutch along the east coast, but often traded with the French in the interior. • Conflicts begin in the Ohio Valley (French claimed) when Indians begin to move further west due to English expansion. • The English colonists begin in moving west as well, which creates a battleground. • Anytime there are conflicts in Europe there will be conflicts in the colonies.

10. King William’s War 1689-97 • King William was an enemy of Louis XIV’s, and long opposed France’s expansion in the New World. • Pitted French Canadians and their Indian allies against New England colonists and their Indian allies in a few battles. • Did not result in significant transfers of North American land between European powers.

11. Queen Anne’s War 1702-13 (War of Spanish Succession) • Continued fighting with France and their new ally Spain (settlements in the south and west). • Arose initially out of French and Indian raids on British settlements along the New York and New England borders with Canada. • The war was ended by the Treaty of Utrecht and resulted in Acadia (renamed Nova Scotia), Newfoundland, and the Hudson Bay territory being ceded to the British.

12. 1733 Georgia is founded as a buffer colony to buffer the colonists from the Spanish as trading rights are disputed • King George’s War 1744-1748 New England colonists capture Louisbourg ($6 million) on Cape Breton Island (guarded the Gulf of St. Lawrence), but in the peace treaty give it back. • After this war the English make stronger trading ties with the Iroquois and the French start fortifying the Ohio River Valley in reaction to English/Iroqouis relationship. The English begin to fortify as well.

13. The French & Indian War 7 Years War

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15. http://storiesofusa.com/french-and-indian-war-1754-1763/

16. French and Indian War1754-1763 Gov. Dinwiddie of VA sends out 21 year old George Washington to the Ohio River Valley claim the area and set up Ft. Necessity. The Ohio territory was seen as valuable because it helped connect their Canadian territory to the Mississippi River and Louisiana. The French were building Ft. Duquesne nearby. The French attack Ft. Necessity, after killing 1/3 of the colonists Washington surrenders. http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/cultural_diversity/Fort_Necessity_National_Battlefield.html

17. The Albany Conference Representatives met daily in Albany, NY from June 19 to July 11 to discuss better relations with the Indian tribes and common defensive measures against the natives. The Congress is notable for producing Ben Franklin’s Albany Plan of Union, which was rejected.

19. Braddock’s Blundering Early the next year, 1755, Major General Edward Braddock was sent to America. He quickly set in motion plans to capture Fort Duquesne, leading his troops west from Virginia in June. Meeting the French 10 miles east of Fort Duquesne, the British were defeated with heavy losses, including Braddock .Once again the French had maintained their grip on the Ohio Valley. At this point most natives were allied with the French and the Iroquois were doubting their alliance with the British. The colonists were pretty much defending themselves against native attacks.

20. Edward Braddock

21. 1756 war is officially recognized in Europe. • “Organizer of Victory”, William Pitt takes over in 1757. • Appointed military commanders • Impressed colonists (forced military service) which caused rioting in NYC. • Seized equipment and supplies from colonists • Forced the colonists to provide shelter for troops • Eventually he relaxed and more colonists were willing to help. • French supply line to North America is cut off.

22. By 1758 the Brits were no longer outnumbered and were doing the bulk of the fighting. • Amherst and Wolfe capture Louisbourg (1758) • 1758 Ft. Duquesne fell (rebuilt and renamed Pittsburg by the English) • Battle of Quebec (1759) – turning point. British win. Both sides lost their commanding officers. • Battle of Montreal (1760) – last time French flags would fly on American soil, France surrenders.

23. Other tactics… • Population dispersal – Several thousand French were uprooted in Nova Scotia (previously Acadia), many made their way to New Orleans (Cajuns). • “Scalp Bounties” for natives that brought back the scalps of natives allied with the French. (100s of English families perished in raids)

24. Paris Peace Treaty 1763 • Britain gets all of Canada • French keep a few sugar islands in the Caribbean • French turn over Louisiana to the Spanish in compensation for their loss of FL (who had given it to the Brits to get back Cuba and the Philippines.) • Louisiana under Spanish rule until 1800, then 1803 Louisiana Purchase by the U.S. • Florida remained under British rule until the end of the American Revolution, it was retroceded to Spain. The US then purchased FL in 1819.

25. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 1754-1763 summarized • FOR OVER 100 YEARS THE FRENCH AND BRITISH HAD STRUGGLED FOR CONTROL OF NORTH AMERICA WHICH HAD RESULTED IN THREE EARLIER WARS • BOTH FRANCE AND ENGLAND WANTED TO EXPAND THEIR TERRITORY WEST OF THE APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS INTO THE OHIO VALLEY • THE TWO SIDES FACED HARDSHIPS SUCH AS DISEASE, WEATHER, AND LOGISTICS OF TRANSPORTING SUPPLIES TO THE BATTLEGROUNDS • NATIVE AMERICANS IN THE AREA PLAYED THE COLONIAL POWERS OFF OF EACH OTHER AND TOOK SIDES WHEN THEY FELT IT WOULD BENEFIT THEIR GOAL OF HALTING FURTHER ENCROACHMENT ON THEIR LAND • FRANCE TOOK THE EARLY LEAD, HOWEVER THE BRITISH EVENTUALLY DEFEATED THE FRENCH IN A WAR THAT WAS FOUGHT IN THE OHIO VALLEY, MONTREAL, INDIA, THE PHILIPPINES, AND THE WEST INDIES FRENCH POWDER HORN WITH RIVERS ENGRAVED ON IT

26. Effects of the war Expansion of British territory English government angry with colonist support (many were still trading with the enemy) Colonists learned how to unite Colonist see the British as snobby from their wartime experience Crown attempts to stop expansion west

27. Pontiac’s Rebellion Ottawa Chief, last effort to regain the Ohio Valley united several tribes and began attacking British towns (killed or kidnapped 600) Blankets infested with small pox was distributed among the Indians. Whites began stationing troops along the frontier. http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=539

29. Proclamation of 1763 • Issued by parliament prohibiting any settlement beyond the Appalachians. • Colonists see this as oppression and a way for the crown to control them. • 1765 estimated 1,000 wagons rolled west anyways.

30. THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR FUELED THE DESIRE FOR INDEPENDENCE • COLONISTS UNIFIED FOR THE FIRST TIME BEHIND THE BRITISH TO DEFEAT THE FRENCH. THIS LED TO A SENSE OF PRIDE AND UNITY NOT EXPERIENCED PRIOR TO THE CONFLICT. • THE COLONISTS DID NOT FEEL THE SAME NEED TO REMAIN TIED TO THE BRITISH AFTER THE WAR AS THE “FRENCH THREAT” WAS REMOVED. • THE BRITISH IMPOSED MANY TAXES ON THE COLONISTS TO PAY FOR THE WAR EFFORT WITHOUT ANY COLONIAL INPUT OR REPRESENTATION IN PARLIAMENT. • THE BRITISH RESTRICTED FURTHER WESTERN SETTLEMENT WITH THE PROCLAMATION LINE OF 1763. THE COLONISTS FELT ENTITLED TO THE LANDS GAINED DURING THE WAR THEY HAD HELPED WIN.

31. GREAT BRITAIN PASSED MANY RESTRICTIVE LAWS (PM – Grenville)THAT SPARKED PROTEST ON THE PART OF THE COLONISTS • SUGAR ACT OF 1764 WHICH ACTUALLY LOWERED THE TAX ON SUGAR BUT TIGHTENED ENFORCEMENT OF THE LAW AND CRACKED DOWN ON SMUGGLING, also taxed coffee, wine, indigo. Forbids importation of French rum and wines. Court was set up in Nova Scotia to prosecute smugglers. Britain had “writs of assistance” or search warrants that allowed ships to be inspected. • Merchants had long smuggled sugar after the Molasses Act of 1733 • CURRENCY ACT 1764 – FORBID COLONISTS FROM MAKING THEIR OWN MONEY. Boston merchants begin boycott. • STAMP ACT OF 1765 WHICH TAXED ALL PRINTED MATERIALS: legal documents, newspaper, pamphlets, deeds, wills. Impacted all class levels, seen as a way to raise money without consent. Also seen as an internal tax rather than external. • Nonimportation agreement

32. THE BRITISH HAD WAR DEBTS TAX STAMP USED ON ALL PRINTED MATERIALS

33. Patrick Henry • May 1765 introduced a set of rules that said Americans possessed the same rights as the English: to be taxed only by their own representatives, Virginians should only pay taxes voted on by the VA Assembly. • The House defeated most of what Henry said, but were printed and circulated as the “Virginia Resolves.” http://www.history.org/almanack/people/bios/biohen.cfm#speech

34. James Otis • http://www.nndb.com/people/353/000049206/ • Lawyer from Massachusetts that began speaking out against the crown in 1761 (writs), protested the Sugar Act, and was present for the Stamp Act Congress (1765) which his circular had called for.

35. Stamp Act Congress • 9 colonies sent delegates to NY and issue the Stamp Act Resolves. • http://www.ushistory.org/us/10a.asp • http://www.stamp-act-history.com/tea-act/tea-act-contribution/

36. http://www.bostonteapartyship.com/sons-of-liberty PROTESTS OVER THE NEW TAXES LED TO THE CREATION OF GROUPS SUCH AS THE SONS OF LIBERTY WHO WERE WILLING TO USE VIOLENCE IF NECESSARY TO CONVINCE THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT TO REPEAL THE LAWS MADE WITHOUT REPRESENTATION http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/related/sons.htm THE TAX COLLECTOR TARRED, FEATHERED, AND FORCED TO DRINK STEAMING HOT TEA

37. Thomas Hutchinson, Lt. Governor of Massachusetts, opposed the Stamp Act but as an officer of the crown felt he had to remain loyal. His elegant home was virtually destroyed and he was pretty much forced to move back to England. • In addition to losing expensive furnishings and an extensive wine collection, Hutchinson lost an extremely valuable library of historical documents dating to the earliest days of Massachusetts settlement.

38. QUARTERING ACT OF 1765 - Regular troops would now be present in the colonies • Colonists were required to help provision and maintain the army • Ships would patrol for smugglers • Customs Service reorganized and enlarged • Due to the boycotts Parliament repealed the Stamp Act in March of 1766 but soon issued the DECLARATORY ACT, which authorized Parliament to pass any laws without the consent of the colonists. (new PM Rockingham was quickly replaced due to his willingness to appease the colonists)

39. New PM Charles Townshend, aka Champagne Charlie immediately passes two measures. • 1. Disbands the NY Assembly for their denial to mandate supplies to British troops (Army headquarters were there) until they agree to obey. Boston had also refused. • This infuriated the other colonies! The Massachusetts assembly immediately put together a circular letter to all colonies suggesting they stand up to any tax. London issued their own circular that said any assembly endorsing the Massachusetts letter would be dissolved. Massachusetts reaffirmed their support of the letter 92-17. • 2. Townshend Duties – new tax on lead, paint, paper, tea… colonists did not accept. He also tried to strengthen the Customs Dept. Townshend dies in 1767 and the new PM, Lord North, repeals all but the tax on the tea. Before news of the repeal reached the colonies….

40. BOSTON MASSACRE1770 THE BRITISH SENT TROOPS TO BOSTON IN AN ATTEMPT TO RESTORE ORDER, HOWEVER A CLASH BETWEEN SOLDIERS AND TOWNSPEOPLE RESULTED IN 5 COLONISTS’ DEATHS. THE TROOPS WERE BASICALLY ACQUITTED IN A TRIAL, WHICH FUELED THE ANGER OF THE COLONISTS. ENGRAVING OF THE EVENT BY PAUL REVERE

41. COMMITTEES OF CORRESPONDENCE (1772) CREATED UNITY WITHIN THE DIVERSE COLONIES, suggested by Samuel Adams. THE DAILY LIVES OF THE COLONISTS WERE SO VARIED THAT THERE WAS NOT A UNIFIED RESPONSE TO THE NEW TAXES. MANY WERE VERY LOYAL TO THE BRITISH CROWN AND HAD NO INCLINATION TO PURSUE SEPARATION. COMMITTEES OF CORRESPONDENCE, FIRST IN BOSTON AND THEN THROUGHOUT THE COLONIES, BEGAN DISTRIBUTING PAMPHLETS WHICH STATED THE RIGHTS OF COLONISTS. EVERYONE WAS ANGERED BY THE CLOSING OF HARBORS AS MOST OF THE COLONIES DEPENDED ON TRADING FOR REVENUE. THESE COMMITTEES WERE USED TO CALL THE FIRST MEETING MADE UP OF DELEGATES FROM EACH OF THE COLONIES.

42. THE ENLIGHTENMENT INFLUENCED THE COLONISTS • PHILOSOPHICAL MOVEMENT THROUGHOUT EUROPE IN THE 17TH AND 18TH CENTURIES • EMPHASIS ON REASON AS THE MOST IMPORTANT HUMAN ABILITY • JOHN LOCKE ARGUED THAT PEOPLE POSSESSED NATURAL RIGHTS SUCH AS LIFE, LIBERTY, AND PROPERTY. HE BELIEVED THE PURPOSE OF GOVERNMENT WAS TO PROTECT THOSE RIGHTS. • BARON dE MONTESQUIEU ARGUED AGAINST ABSOLUTE MONARCHY • COLONIAL LEADERS BELIEVED THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT VIOLATED THESE IDEALS AND DISCUSSED STRATEGIES TO OVERCOME THE OPPRESSION OF KING GEORGE III LOCKE MONTESQUIEU

43. Americans had come to respect written constitutions as a way to shape the powers of government. • John Dickinson, Letters of a Pennsylvania Farmer, argued that external taxes were only legal to regulate trade not raise revenue… Led to further support of “No taxation without representation.” Parliament believed in “virtual representation.” • Americans had a different view of sovereignty compared to the English.

44. THE GREAT AWAKENING was also influential • RELIGIOUS MOVEMENT THROUGHOUT THE COLONIES IN THE EARLY 1700s. IT WAS BASED ON REVIVALISM WHICH STRESSED INDIVIDUAL RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE RATHER THAN NEEDING CHURCH LEADERS TO CONNECT WITH GOD • COLONISTS JUSTIFIED RESISTANCE WITH BIBLICAL PRINCIPALS • CONTRIBUTED TO A SENSE OF EQUALITY SINCE ALL PEOPLE WERE QUALIFIED TO TAKE AN ACTIVE ROLE IN THE CHURCH • IT IS WIDELY BELIEVED THAT THIS WAS A MAJOR FACTOR WHICH LED TO THE SENSE OF FREEDOM AND INDEPENDENCE UNDERLYING THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION INFLUENTIAL MINISTERS JONATHON EDWARDS GEORGE WHITEFIELD

45. 1772 Gaspee Affair • Colonist were tired of the rude, dishonest, customs officials…. • Rhode Island colonist set afire the British ship and sank it! http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/related/gaspee.htm

46. BOSTON TEA PARTY 1773 http://www.history.com/topics/battles-of-lexington-and-concord/videos#the-sons-of-liberty-and-the-boston-tea-party THE MOST FAMOUS OF MANY PROTESTS AGAINST THE TEA ACT OF 1773, A TAX DESIGNED TO PROTECT THE BRITISH TEA MONOPOLY. ABOUT 50 MEMBERS OF THE SONS OF LIBERTY ORGANIZATION DRESSED UP AS MOHAWK INDIANS AND DUMPED THOUSANDS OF POUNDS OF TEA FROM 3 SHIPS INTO THE BOSTON HARBOR.

47. TEA ACT 1773 TAX TO PROTECT THE MONOPOLISTIC EAST INDIA TEA COMPANY • INTOLERABLE/COERCIVE ACTS 1774 WERE DESIGNED TO PUNISH COLONISTS FOR BOSTON TEA PARTY AND MAKE THEM SUBMIT TO THE WILL OF THE BRITISH KING

48. FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESSPHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA 1774 FIFTY SIX MEN FROM TWELVE COLONIES (GEORGIA DECLINED BECAUSE THEY RELIED ON THE BRITISH TO PROTECT THEM AGAINST NATIVE AMERICANS) MET TO DISCUSS THE INTOLERABLE ACTS PASSED BY PARLIAMENT TO PUNISH THE COLONISTS FOR THE BOSTON TEA PARTY. THEY DRAFTED THE DECLARATION OF RIGHTS AND GRIEVANCES TO BE SENT TO KING GEORGE. THE GROUP WAS DIVIDED BETWEEN THOSE WHO WANTED TO RECONCILE WITH GREAT BRITAIN AND THOSE WHO WANTED TO SEPARATE. Peyton Randolph elected president of the CC, John Hancock Second CC

49. BRITISH TROOPS WERE SENT TO ARREST SAMUEL ADAMS AND JOHN HANCOCK IN LEXINGTON. COLONISTS WERE WAITING WITH WEAPONS AND FIGHTING BROKE OUT, WHICH STARTED THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION IN LEXINGTON AND CONCORD IN APRIL OF 1775. JOHN HANCOCK IN LEXINGTON 8 COLONISTS WERE KILLED. IN CONCORD 73 REDCOATS WERE KILLED AND 93 COLONISTS WERE KILLED. On the way back to Boston the numbers rose to 250 colonists dead and 90 redcoats dead. SAMUEL ADAMS

50. On April 18, 1775, Joseph Warren learned from a source inside the British high command that Redcoat troops would march that night on Concord. Warren dispatched two couriers, silversmith Paul Revere and tanner William Dawes, to alert residents of the news. They first traveled by different routes to Lexington, a few miles east of Concord, where revolutionary leaders Samuel Adams and John Hancock had temporarily holed up. Having persuaded those two to flee, a weary Revere and Dawes then set out again. On the road, they met a third rider, Samuel Prescott, who alone made it all the way to Concord. Revere was captured by a British patrol, while Dawes was thrown from his horse and forced to proceed back to Lexington on foot. • http://www.history.com/topics/battles-of-lexington-and-concord • http://www.history.com/topics/battles-of-lexington-and-concord/videos#first-revolutionary-battle-at-lexington--concord