1 / 42

Emotion, Stress & Health

Emotion, Stress & Health. Mind and Body. Can the body affect the mind? Example? How about the mind affecting the body? Example? Two-way communication between mind and body. Psychosomatic Medicine . Psyche (mind) Soma (body) Butterflies in the stomach Anxious before giving speech

byron
Télécharger la présentation

Emotion, Stress & Health

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Emotion, Stress & Health

  2. Mind and Body • Can the body affect the mind? • Example? • How about the mind affecting the body? • Example? • Two-way communication between mind and body

  3. Psychosomatic Medicine • Psyche (mind) • Soma (body) • Butterflies in the stomach • Anxious before giving speech • Indigestion, nausea • Stress may contribute to getting an ulcer.

  4. Relieve stress • Meditation • Listening to soothing music • Taking a quiet walk • Reduce stress • Eliminate butterflies

  5. Affects on long-term health • Attitude towards illness can affect healing. • Thought, beliefs and emotions have major impact on physical health. • Link between mind and body is the immune system.

  6. What is Emotion? Internal conscious states that we infer in ourselves and others. • Emotions are private experiences. • We use operational definitions because we cannot actually see feelings. • We infer observable behavior associated with emotion.

  7. Emotions are Multidimensional

  8. Four components of Emotion Significant life event

  9. Feeling component • Emotions are subjective feelings • Make us feel in a particular way. • Anger or joy. • Meaning and personal significance. • Vary in intensity and quality. • Rooted in mental processes (labeling).

  10. Bodily Arousal • Biological activation. • Autonomic and hormonal systems. • Prepare and activate adaptive coping behavior during emotion. • Body prepared for action. • Alert posture, clenched fists.

  11. Purposive component • Give emotion its goal-directed force. • Motivation to take action. • Cope with emotion-causing circumstances. • Why people benefit from emotions. • Social and evolutionary advantage.

  12. Social-Expressive component • Emotion’s communicative aspect. • Postures, gestures, vocalizations, facial expressions make our emotions public. • Verbal and nonverbal communication. • Helps us interpret the situation. • How person reacts to event.

  13. Emotions read in the face The Japanese Female Facial Expression (JAFFE) Database

  14. Biological Response to Emotion • Scream, Run away…infers fear. • Gut reaction: • Heart races, energy boost. • What coordinates body response?

  15. Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Reactions • Every situation calls for its own special mixture of arousal by the sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (conservation of energy) N.S. • Flight or Flight: Sympathetic response prepares body to meet a crisis. • Rest or Digest: Parasympathetic calms body to aid in digestion.

  16. Sympathetic and Parasympathetic flow of Autonomic Nervous System

  17. Limbic System • Brain mechanism in emotion • A group of structures in the interior of brain • Form a border around brain stem • Critical for emotion

  18. Limbic System

  19. James-Lange Theory • Autonomic arousal and skeletal actions come before emotional response • I experience fear because I run away • Cognitive awareness is separate • Brain can categorize events as pleasant or unpleasant in as little as 120 milliseconds • What we experience as an emotion is actually the label we give to our response. • I am afraid because I run away • I am angry because I attack

  20. Common Sense vs. James-Lange Common Sense right? Frightening Situation Fear Running Away and Increased Heart rate etc. James-Lange Theory Frightening Situation Running Away and Increased Heart rate etc. Fear

  21. James-Lange Key Assumptions: • Body’s response comes before emotion • Each specific emotion produces a different body response

  22. Two stage theory • Schachter-Singer Theory • Physiological changes happen first. • Followed by cognitive labeling. • Heart rate goes up. • If in graveyard  fear. • If at a party  excitement.

  23. LeDoux and the snake • Walking in woods. • See what may be a snake. • Limbic system responds first: CAUTION! STOP! • Cortex catches up a second or two later. • Poisonous? • Why did I sleep through that lecture on snakes of Connecticut?

  24. Emotion and Cognitive Paths Visual thalamus Visual cortex Amygdala

  25. Stress and Health • Stress is the nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it. • Failing grades • Scary movie • Even positive events in your life such as: • Graduation • New job • Stress activates the Autonomic Nervous System rapidly • Stress activates the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis more slowly. • Both systems have major effect on health and well-being.

  26. Short term reaction to stress • Level of responsiveness • Sympathetic NS easily triggered. • Hostile heart syndrome. • Tense, impatient. • Road rage causes 4X more accidents than drunk driving.

  27. Executive Monkey (Brady) • Pair of monkeys. • Both could get shock. • One monkey could press bar to avoid shock for him and his yoked control. • Monkey with active bar called “active” monkey. • Other monkey in pair called “passive”. • One member of pair likely to get ulcers. • Which one?

  28. Brady’s experiment • Active monkey is on the left. • Press lever to avoid shock. • Passive monkey is on the right. • Pressing the lever does not affect shock delivery Active Passive

  29. Brady’s mistake • Brady found executive (active) monkeys got more ulcers. • First monkey to learn task  active. • Attempts to replicate yield the opposite result: passive monkeys get ulcers. • Passive monkeys lack control over situation. • More stressful if you have no control over occurrence of stress.

  30. Reducing the effects of stress • Stress is less harmful if • Have some control (even if just belief). • Predictable (“going to feel a little pinch”). • Know the duration. • Coping mechanism. • Some way to relieve stress. • Positive attitude. • Active participant in process.

  31. Long term stress • What if stress continues for months or years? • Stressful occupations: air traffic controllers • Whether stress is real or imagined doesn’t matter to the brain and body. • Respond in the same way. • Brain activates the adrenal cortex.

  32. Brain and Adrenal Cortex • Prolonged stress leads to the secretion of the adrenal hormone cortisol • Cortisol (stress hormone) elevates blood sugar and increases metabolism. • Body is then able to sustain prolonged activity • Also reduces inflammation

  33. Response to injury • Sprains ankle. • Inflammation causes swelling and pain. • Reduce ability to move. • Life threatening injury. • Cortisol reduces inflammation. • Mobilizes energy. • Survival value.

  34. General Adaptation Syndrome • Phases of GAS • 1: Alarm reaction: • Body’s first response. • 2: Resistance: • Body adapts to stressor. • 3: Exhaustion: • Body breaks down. • Changes in immune system Hans Selye 1907-1982 Father of Stress

  35. GAS timeline Alarm Resistance Exhaustion Immune function and energy time

  36. The Immune System • Cells that protect the body against intruders such as viruses and bacteria. • Like a police force • Too weak and criminals (viruses etc.) run wild • Too strong and it attacks law-abiding citizens: • The body’s own cells (Autoimmune disease) • Ex. Rheumatoid arthritis

  37. Immune system Leukocytes (White blood cells) • Most important elements • Patrol the blood & fluids • Antigens: Intruders have different surface proteins (nonself) than our own (self) • WBCs attack antigens • Macrophages and B Cells are specific defenses • T cells: cytotoxic and helper • Cytotoxic: direct attack • Helper: stimulates Ts & B’s to multiply rapidly

  38. Immune Response to Bacteria

  39. Effects of Stress on Immune System • Psychoneuroimmunology: • The study of the relationship between the nervous system and immune systems. • All experiences, especially stressful ones, can alter the immune system. • The Immune system in turn influences the central nervous system.

  40. Effects of Stress • Continued, long term anxiety, anger or stress is harmful. • A body focused on the cycle of increased cortisol & increased metabolism, it is not producing new proteins for the immune system and other systems. • High cortisol levels damage hippocampus • Learning and memory suffer as a result

  41. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) • Traumatic experience leads to: • Months or even years of flashbacks and nightmares • Exaggerated arousal response to noises etc. • Avoidance of reminders of the event • Combat veterans, rape victims, 9/11 • Most PTSD victims have a smaller than average hippocampus

  42. Emotions, Stress and Health • They are all intricately related.

More Related