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Industrialization and its consequences

Industrialization and its consequences. Framing a historical context. Last of the great revolutions A “western” phenomenon? Industrialization & capitalism. The time frame . Bringing in older industrial activities Regional industrialization and de -industrialization.

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Industrialization and its consequences

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  1. Industrialization and its consequences

  2. Framing a historical context • Last of the great revolutions • A “western” phenomenon? • Industrialization & capitalism

  3. The time frame • Bringing in older industrial activities • Regional industrialization and de-industrialization

  4. Thomas Gainsborough, The Harvest Wagon, (first exhibited, 1767)

  5. Explaining industrial “take-off” • Agricultural innovations • Livestock • Enclosures Robert Bakewell, 1723-1795

  6. Explaining industrial “take-off” • Demographic expansion • Malthusian controls?

  7. Explaining industrial “take-off” • The Power Crisis • Human and animal power • Wood • Coal • British politics An early coal mine in the Midlands

  8. Explaining industrial “take-off” • A commercial revolution • Pre-industrial capitalism • Internal trade growth, 18C • External trade growth • Navigation Acts (1652, 1674) • Supply & demand • Cultural values & ideologies • Climate and geography Total GB exports compared to exports to Caribbean trade ( North America, W Indies, West Africa, Spanish America )

  9. A closer view • Lancashire, India and cotton • The Seven Years War (1756-63) • cotton’s advantages Higherford Mill in Barrowford, Lancashire (abt. 20 miles north of Manchester), first used waterwheel for power in the 18C. This building was built in 1827, after steam engines had come online.

  10. Industrial technologies 1: textiles • Idea of Industrial Revolution as process • The bottleneck phenomenon • Why were textiles first? • King Cotton and Manchester • Flying Shuttle, 1733 • Spinning Jenny, 1765 • The water-frame, 1769 • The water-mule, 1790

  11. The hand-loom weavers • A golden age, 1780s-1810s • Power-loom, 1785 • Cotton-gin, 1800 • The fate of the handloom weavers

  12. Industrial technologies 2: power • Remember the process idea! • Early water-dependency • Thomas Newcomen’s Engine, 1702 • James Watt, 1763 • Results: urbanization & industrialization united

  13. The Factory System • Machine technologies central • Factory discipline • Elizabethan Statute of Artificers extended, 1766 • Factory Acts, 1830s • “Condition of England” question A famous image, used by pro-Factory Act activists in the 1830s.

  14. New Social Classes • The Factory Owners • Working classes • Resistance and assimilation • Luddites • Methodism? Top: A contemporary image of “Ned Ludd,” fictive leader of the Luddites, along with (bottom) a Home Office advertisement from 1811.

  15. The “Living Standards” question • Industrial production • 1780-1800: 2x • 1800-1851: 3.5x • Population • 1780: 9m • 1851: 21m

  16. The “Living Standards” question • Marxist-inspired historiography • Material conditions • Revisionist views • 1750-90: general improvements • 1790-1810:deterioration • 1815-50: slow rise in wages • Counter-revisionism: E. J. Hobsbawm

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