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Figure 13.1b Page 223. Stimulus (input). Receptors (sensory neurons). Integrators (interneurons). motor neurons. Effectors (muscles, glands). Response (output). Figure 13.2d Page 224. dendrites. Input Zone. cell body. axon. axon endings. Trigger Zone. Conducting Zone.
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Figure 13.1bPage 223 Stimulus (input) Receptors (sensory neurons) Integrators (interneurons) motor neurons Effectors (muscles, glands) Response (output)
Figure 13.2dPage 224 dendrites Input Zone cell body axon axon endings Trigger Zone Conducting Zone Output Zone
Figure 13.3Page 225 Interstitial Fluid channel proteins, continually open channel proteins with voltage-sensitive gates K+/Na+ pump lipid bilayer of neuron’s plasma membrane Cytoplasm
Figure 13.5aPage 226 interstitial fluid cytoplasm
Figure 13.5bPage 226 Na+ Na+ Na+
Figure 13.5cPage 227 K+ K+ K+ Na+ Na+ Na+
Figure 13.5dPage 227 K+ K+ K+ K+ Na+ Na+ Na+
Figure 13.6a,bPage 227 electrode outside axon no change in voltage registers on oscilloscope screen electrode inside axon 0 unstimulated axon 0 stimulated axon recording of voltage change
Figure 13.6cPage 227 action potential +20 0 -20 Membrane potential (millivolts) threshold -40 resting membrane potential -70 5 0 2 3 1 4 Time (milliseconds)
Figure 13.7aPage 228 plasma membrane of axon ending of presynaptic cell plasma membrane of receiving cell synaptic vesicle membrane receptor for neurotransmitter
Figure 13.7cPage 228 neurotransmitter molecule ions receptor for neurotransmitter gated channel protein
Figure 13.8Page 229 axon ending gap muscle cell membrane Motor end plate
Figure 13.10Page 230 axon myelin sheath nerve’s outer wrapping blood vessels nerve fascicle
Figure 13.11aPage 230 unsheathed node “jellyrolled” Schwann cells axon
Fig. 13.11b,cPage 230 Na+ action potential resting potential resting potential K+ Na+ resting potential restored action potential resting potential
Figure 13.12aPage 231 cell body cell body cell body receptor endings axon ending axon endings dendrites peripheral axon dendrites axon Motor Neuron SensoryNeuron Interneuron
Stepped ArtFigure 13.12bPage 231 spinal cord Stimulus: biceps stretches sensory neuron motor neuron Response: biceps contracts muscle spindle
Figure 13.13Page 232 brain cranial nerves cervical nerves spinal cord thoracic nerves ulnar nerve sciatic nerve lumbar nerves sacral nerves coccygeal nerves
Figure 13.14Page 233 Central Nervous System brain spinal cord sensory nerves axons of motor nerves somatic subdivision (motor functions) autonomic subdivision (visceral functions) parasympathetic sympathetic Peripheral Nervous System
Figure 13.15Page 234 midbrain eyes medulla oblongata salivary glands heart cervical nerves larynx bronchi lungs stomach liver spleen pancreas thoracic nerves kidneys adrenal glands small intestine upper colon lower colon rectum ganglia in organs lumbar nerves most ganglia near spinal cord bladder sacral nerves uterus genitals sympathetic parasympathetic
Figure 13.16aPage 235 spinal cord ganglion nerve meninges (protective coverings) vertebra
Figure 13.20Page 239 primary somatosensory cortex primary motor cortex parietal lobe frontal lobe occipital lobe temporal lobe
Figure 13.23Page 240 sensory stimuli temporary storage in the cerebral cortex Input forgotten Short-term memory Emotional state, having time to repeat (or rehearse) input, and associating the input with stored categories of memory influence transfer to long-term storage Recall of stored input Long-term memory Input irretrievable
Figure 13.25Page 241 alertness relaxation (alpha rhythm) drowsiness sleep coma 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Time (seconds)
extensor muscle of knee (quadriceps femoris) muscle spindle patellar tendon motor neuron reflex arc
Figure 14.5Page 251 Meisner’s corpuscle bulb of Krause Ruffini endings free nerve endings Pacinian corpuscle
Figure 14.6Page 251 lungs,diaphragm heart stomach liver, gallbladder pancreas small intestine ovaries colon appendix urinary bladder kidney ureter
Figure 14.7c,dPage 252 taste buds ending of taste receptor
Figure 14.8Page 253 olfactory tract from receptors to the brain olfactory bulb bony plate olfactory receptor cell body
Figure 14.9aPage 254 middle ear and inner ear outer ear
Figure 14.9d,ePage 255 scala vestibuli cochlear duct scala tympani hair cell in organ of Corti lumen of cochlear duct tectorial membrane basilar membrane to auditory nerve lumen of scala tympani
Figure 14.12Page 258 sclera retina choroid vitreous humor iris fovea lens optic disk pupil cornea part of optic nerve aqueous humor ciliary muscle
Figure 14.15Page 260 rod cell stacked, pigmented membranes cone cell
Fig. 14.16 (1)Page 261 bipolar cell ganglion cell rod cone horizontal cell amacrine cell pigmented epithelium to optic nerve
