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THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (306-800)

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (306-800). OBJECTIVE: TO DETERMINE HOW THE EASTERN PART OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE SURVIVED AS THE WESTERN HALF BEGAN STEEP DECLINE BY LOOKING AT FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTED TO EASTERN SUCCESS . FOUNDATIONS OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE. DIOCLETIAN – 284-205

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THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (306-800)

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  1. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (306-800) OBJECTIVE: TO DETERMINE HOW THE EASTERN PART OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE SURVIVED AS THE WESTERN HALF BEGAN STEEP DECLINE BY LOOKING AT FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTED TO EASTERN SUCCESS

  2. FOUNDATIONS OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE DIOCLETIAN – 284-205 CONSTANTINE 306-337 SOLE EMPEROR EDICT OF MILAN 313 BYZANTIUM CAPITAL CONSTANTINOPLE 324 “NEW ROME” LATE ANTIQUITY – CONTINUITY & CHANGE; CREATIVE & ADAPTABLE PERIOD NOT JUST ‘DARK’ OR ‘MEDIEVAL’ AGENTS OF CHANGE: BARBARIANS & AGENTS OF CONTINUITY: BYZANTINE EMPIRE & CHRISTIAN CHURCH

  3. THEODOSIUS THE GREAT 378-395 • 380 MAKES CHRISTIANITY RELIGION OF THE EMPIRE • ELIMINATES OLYMPIC GAMES: TOO PAGAN • POLITICAL & ECONOMIC DIVISIONS BUT NOT RELIGIOUS • TRIBES INVADING WEST • THEO. GIVES FOOD, LAND & ARMY UNDER GOTHS TO PRESERVE PEACE

  4. POLITICAL STABILITY UNDER JUSTINIAN 527-565 • ROMAN TRADITIONS, LANG-UAGE, RELIGION CONTINUED • GOLDEN AGE • JUSTINIAN WARS – RECONQUER ITALY & N. AFRICA AT GREAT COST – EMPIRE ENTIRE MEDITERRANEAN BUT TEMPORARY • 523 NIKA RIOTS - THEODORA • 540-632 ABLE TO DEFEND FOREIGN INVASIONS FROM HUNS – ARABS • 542 JUSTINIAN PLAGUE • PLAGUE, WARS & LONG TERM ECO FACTORS ALL DAMAGING TO EMPIRE

  5. SURVIVAL OF THE EASTERN EMPIRELEADERSHIP, LOCATION, FORTIFICATIONS GENERAL PRISKOS – DEFEAT AVARS 601 EMPEROR HERACLIUS 610-641 CRUSHED ARABS AT NINEVAH TRIPLE WALLS SURROUND CONSTANTINOPLE CISTERNS FOR H2O, GARDENS FOR FOOD, LAND FOR GRAZING

  6. GOLDEN AGE DEVELOPMENTS • LAW – CODIFIED ALL ROMAN LAW INTO CORPUS JURIS CIVILIS OR JUSTINIAN CODE – MOST LASTING & IMPORTANT LEGACY – 533 • LITERATURE – PRESERVED GREEK LIT., LATIN LANGUAGE OF GOVERNMENT • MEDICINE – PRESERVED & PASSED ON GREEK INFO TO ARABS WHO MAKE IMPROVEMENTS. BYZ. RELY ON HIPPOCRATES, BLEEDING & BURNING • SCIENCE – GREEK FIRE – WARFARE IMPROVEMENTS ONLY • HOSPITALS – STATE FINANCED

  7. BUILDING PROGRAMS UNDER JUSTINIAN • INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS • HOSPITALS, CHURCHES • PALACE COMPLEX, HIPPO-DROME & HAGIA SOPHIA 3 LARGEST & GREATEST STRUCTURES IN CONSTANTI-NOPLE • HIPPODROME – GLADIAT-ORIAL & CHARIOT RACES, 60,000 SEATS • POPULATION OF CONSTANTINOPLE LARGEST IN EUROPE 100’S OF THOUSANDS • TRADE FLOURISHED & LOCAL SILK INDUSTRY PROMOTED ECO GROWTH

  8. HAGIA SOPHIA – CHURCH OF HOLY WISDOMGREEK ARCHITECT, 4 HUGE PIERS & DOME, APPEARS TO FLOAT FROM HEAVENS, 42 WINDOWS

  9. HIPPODROME

  10. AFTERMATH OF JUSTINIAN, HERACLIUS & OTHERS • EMPIRE EXHAUSTED BUT NEW SYSTEM OF DEFENSE “THEME” COMBINED CIVIL & MILITARY LEADERSHIP LED TO INCREASED MILITARIZATION OF EMPIRE • MID 7TH CENT. MED. EMPIRE BEYOND BYZ. RESOURCES • RISE OF ISLAM MOST SERIOUS THREAT • START OF 8TH CENT. EMPIRE REDUCED IN SIZE • DIVISON WITHIN CHURCH • DISAGREE OVER SOURCES OF RELIGIOUS AUTHORITY • POPE VS. PATRIARCH • ICONOCLASTIC CONTROVERSY – EMPEROR LEO III • 787 2ND COUNCIL AT NICAEA – ICONOCLASM HERESY

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