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February 15 (Week 4) Term Paper Topics Isopleths HW#4 Weather Review

Tonight. February 15 (Week 4) Term Paper Topics Isopleths HW#4 Weather Review Temperature and Humidity (Chapter 3) Vehicles and Hyperthermia Midterm Review. Next Week (2/22). CLASS WILL BEGIN AT 6:15 PM MIDTERM #1 33 multiple choice questions No Scantron

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February 15 (Week 4) Term Paper Topics Isopleths HW#4 Weather Review

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  1. Tonight • February 15 (Week 4) • Term Paper Topics • Isopleths HW#4 • Weather Review • Temperature and Humidity (Chapter 3) • Vehicles and Hyperthermia • Midterm Review

  2. Next Week (2/22) • CLASS WILL BEGIN AT 6:15 PM • MIDTERM #1 • 33 multiple choice questions • No Scantron • Term Paper Topics Due (HW #5) • Textbook • List from Syllabus • PRIMARILY ABOUT METEOROLOGY!! • Not Acceptable: Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), Frostbite, Earthquakes, Tsunamis, Waves for Surfing

  3. HW#5 – Pick a topic by next week. Famous People in Meteorology - Galileo - Fahrenheit - Celsius - Luke Howard - Bjerknes - Beaufort - Fujita - Da Vinci Famous Weather Events 1900 Galveston Hurricane 1935 Labor Day Hurricane 1938 New England Hurricane Great Blizzard of 1993 Hurricane Andrew (in 1992) Hurricane Betsy (1956) Hurricane Carol (in 1954) Hurricane Georges (in 1998) Hurricane Gilbert (in 1988) Hurricane Hugo (in 1989) Hurricane Katrina (in 2005) Hurricane Mitch (in 1998) Moore OK Tornado Outbreak - 1999 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak - 1965 Columbus Day Storm (W. Coast 1962) Calif. Great Floods of 1862 The Perfect Storm (1991) Term Paper Topics

  4. Specific Weather Topics acid rain air pollution Air Quality Index (AQI) anemometer atmospheric circulation aurora borealis ball lightning blizzards Cape Verde-type hurricane chinook wind cloud types contrail cyclone El Nino/La Nina fall wind - katabatic wind fires and weather freezing rain frost Fujita scale (for measuring tornadoes) fulgurite global warming hail halo optical phenomenon heat wave humidity hurricanes ice storms katabatic wind lightning history of meteorology history of the National Weather Service ozone depletion (i.e., ozone hole) Pacific DecadalOoscillation paleoclimatology rainbow Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale Santa Ana Winds smog solar energy space weather storm surge sundog - parhelion temperature scales thermometers tornadoes weather instruments weather folklore wind energy Term Paper Topics

  5. Homework #4 Solution

  6. Weather Review

  7. Weather Review

  8. Weather Review

  9. Weather Review

  10. Weather Review

  11. 4 PM Weather Review

  12. 10 PM Weather Review

  13. 4 AM Weather Review

  14. 10 AM Weather Review

  15. 4 PM Weather Review

  16. TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY EXTREMES CHAPTER 3

  17. Temperature Measurements • ~5 feet above the ground • Over natural surface • Well ventilated • Out of Direct sunlight • Away from heat sources • Parking Lots • Motor Vehicles • South facing buildings

  18. TEMPERATURE SCALE HISTORY • Fahrenheit -1700s • 0 ° = freezing point of brine • 32 ° = freezing point of water • 100 ° = body temperature • Celsius – 1700s • 0° = freezing point of pure water • 100° = boiling point of water

  19. TEMPERATURE SCALES • Lord Kelvin – 1700s • Proved lowest temperature was -273°C • 0 °K = Absolute Zero • 273 °K = freezing point of water • 373 °K = boiling point of water

  20. EARLY THERMOMETERS • First Thermometers used Alcohol • Superseded by Mercury (Hg) - 1717 • More pure • Opaque • Immune to evaporation • Liquid over a wider range of temps • -38° F to 357 ° F

  21. TEMPERATURE CONVERSIONS Fahrenheit to CELSIUS ° C = 5/9 (° F-32) Celsius to FAHRENHEIT ° F = (1.8 ° C) + 32 FOR PRACTICAL PURPOSES1° C = 2 °F

  22. COMMON CONVERSIONS °F °C -40 -40 0 -18 32 0 50 10 61 16 82 28 98.6 37 104 40 To estimate: Assume 1°C equals 2°F

  23. DAYTIME WARMING • Sun warms ground • Ground warms adjacent air via conduction • Convection (thermals) occur and transfer heat upward • Lag to Maximum temperature • Type of surface • Bodies of Water • Cloud cover • Wind

  24. DAYTIME WARMING

  25. DAYTIME MIXING Fig. 3.2, p. 64

  26. NIGHTTIME COOLING • Ground cools by radiational cooling • Better radiator and thus cools faster • Inversions • Colder Air near surface • Factors for colder conditions • Length of night • Cloud-free (not re-radiated back) • Windless (i.e., no mixing) • Dry - Moist nights are warmer due to released latent heat from condensation and IR warming • Lag until coldest Temperature

  27. NIGHTTIME COOLING

  28. NIGHT TIME MIXING Fig. 3.7, p. 69

  29. NIGHTTIME COOLING Fig. 3.8, p. 70

  30. NIGHTTIME COOLING

  31. FROST PROTECTION

  32. FROST PROTECTION

  33. FROST PROTECTION

  34. DIURNAL TEMPERATURES • Each day resembles mini-season • Warming-Cooling Cycle • Maximum solar energy at noon

  35. CONTROLS ON TEMPERATURE • Solar Insolation • Date • Time • Latitude • Exposure (wind, humidity) • Geographic • Land • Water • Oceanic • Currents • Topography • Elevation

  36. NORTH versus SOUTH Land masses dominate the Northern Hemisphere. Oceans dominate the Southern Hemisphere.

  37. LAND vs. SEA (July Temperatures) • Land masses cause more temperature variations. • Oceans keep temperatures more moderate.

  38. EXTREME TEMPERATURES • The hottest place in the world is Dallol, Ethiopia. • Average daily maximum temperature exceeded 100°F during every month of the year, except December and January. • Daily maximum often exceeds 120°F. • Average annual temperature 94°F.

  39. Fig. 3.5, p. 67

  40. EXTREME TEMPERATURES • The coldest regions • Continental United States • Northern Great Plains and northern Maine. • North America • Yukon and Northwest Territories of Canada. • World • Antarctica • Average July (winter) is –74°F. • Mean annual temperature is –57°F.

  41. Fig. 3.10, p. 72

  42. DAILY TEMPERATURES • Daily Temperature Variations • Diurnal temperature range • Largest diurnal range of temperature • High Deserts: Dry air, cloud-free, little water vapor • Clouds = Large affect on the daily temperature range • Locations near large bodies of water typically have smaller diurnal temperature ranges

  43. DEGREE DAYS • DD = (Average Daily Temperature) - Base Temperature • Summed through the year • Heating Degree Days (HDD) if Negative (i.e., < 65°F) • Need to use your heater • Cooling Degree Days (CDD) if Positive (i.e., > 65°F) • Need to use air conditioning • Growing Degree Days (GDD) • 60 – Cotton, Rice • 50 - Beans, Corn, Grapes • 40 – Peas, Wheat

  44. MEAN COOLING DEGREE DAYS

  45. MEAN HEATING DEGREE DAYS

  46. Grapes & DEGREE DAYS • Base 50 degrees • Seasonal Total • < 2500 - Chardonnay, Pinot Noir and White Riesling • 2500 – 3000 - Chenin Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon and Gamay • 3000 – 3500 – Zinfandel • 3500 – 4000 – Dessert winds, table and raisin grapes • > 4000 – Thompson Seedless

  47. WIND CHILL • Combination of Temperature and Wind • “Feels like” temperature on skin human

  48. THERMOMETER Types • Liquid in Glass

  49. THERMOMETER Types • Liquid in Glass • Maximum • Minimum

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