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Understanding Cellular Communication in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

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Cellular communication is vital for both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, involving mechanisms such as local and long-distance signaling. Local signaling includes direct contact via gap junctions or plasmodesmata, using messenger molecules for short-range communication like paracrine and synaptic signaling. Long-distance communication relies on hormones traveling through the circulatory system. Signal transduction signifies three stages: reception, transduction, and response, often involving complex pathways with proteins and second messengers such as cyclic AMP. Understanding these processes is crucial for insights into health and disease.

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Understanding Cellular Communication in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

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Presentation Transcript

  1. Cellular Communication -All cells communicate -Eukaryotes and prokaryotes!

  2. Communication process usually involves the plasma membrane • 2 types: local and long-distance

  3. Local Signaling • Direct contact • Gap junctions or plasmodesmata • Cytoplasms of cells directly connected • Animal cells also by direct contact between membrane-bound molecules • Use of messenger molecules for short-distance communication • Paracrine signaling • Synaptic signaling

  4. Long-Distance • Use of hormones to travel long distances • Nervous and endocrine system

  5. 3 Stages of Cell Signaling

  6. Reception • Signaling molecule= ligand • Causes a change in the receptor protein • Most receptors are found in the plasma membrane • Ligands are water-soluble

  7. Receptors in the Plasma Membrane • Two Major Types • G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) • Ligand-gated ion channels

  8. Ligand-gated ion channel

  9. Intracellular Receptors • Cytoplasm or nucleus • Hydrophobic signals- ex. steroids

  10. Transduction by Cascade • Transduction of cell signaling usually involves multiple steps • Gives possibility of signal amplification • Signal transduction pathway usually involves proteins • Change in shape of a protein • Phosphorylation

  11. Protein Changes • Protein kinase- adds phosphate groups from ATP to a protein

  12. Second Messengers • Small, non-protein, water-soluble molecules • Ex. Cyclic AMP or Ca2+ • Easily move through cytoplasm • Activate other proteins • Epinephrine

  13. Cholera and interruption of signaling • Disruption of GPCR

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