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The Atomic Nucleus

The Atomic Nucleus. Discovery of Radioactivity. Lead block. Radium. Lead block. Magnet. Radium. Lead block. a. a. Alpha particle (helium nucleus). . . Beta particle (electron). . . Gamma ray (ultra-high energy nonvisible light). . a. . Radioactive Source. Paper.

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The Atomic Nucleus

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  1. The Atomic Nucleus Discovery of Radioactivity

  2. Lead block

  3. Radium Lead block

  4. Magnet Radium Lead block

  5. a

  6. a Alpha particle (helium nucleus)

  8. Beta particle (electron)

  10. Gamma ray (ultra-high energy nonvisible light)

  11. a 

  12. Radioactive Source Paper Aluminum Lead

  13. Radioactive Source a Paper Aluminum Lead

  14. Radioactive Source Paper  Aluminum Lead

  15. Radioactive Source Paper Aluminum  Lead

  16. Radioactivity Is a Natural Phenomenon

  17. Origins of radiation exposure

  18. Origins of radiation exposure Natural Background (cosmic rays, earth minerals) 81% Medicine and Diagnostics 15% Consumer Products (televisions sets, smoke detectors) 4%

  19. Unit of radiation exposure

  20. Unit of radiation exposure rad

  21. Unit of radiation exposure 0.01 joule radiant energy rad = kilogram of tissue

  22. Some forms of radiation are more harmful to living organisms than others…

  23. Ability to cause harm is given in “rem” rem = rad x factor

  24. Health effect Particle Dosage Factor

  25. Health effect Particle Dosage Factor x = alpha 1 rad 10 10 rem

  26. Health effect Particle Dosage Factor x = alpha 1 rad 10 10 rem x = beta 10 rad 1 10 rem

  27. 1 rem = 1000 millirem (mrem)

  28. Average annual exposure per person In the United States about 360 mrem Major Source Radon - 222

  29. Typical Annual Radiation Exposure Source Typical Amount Received in 1 Year (millirems) Natural Origin Cosmic radiation 26 Ground 33 Air (radon-222) 198 Human tissues (postassium-40; radium-226) 35 Human Origin Medical procedures Diagnostic X rays 33 Nuclear medicine 15 Television tubes, other consumer products 11 Weapons-test fallout 1

  30. Radioactive Isotopes Are Useful as Tracers and for Medical Imaging

  31. Uses of Some Radioactive Isotopes Isotope Usage Calcium-47 Study of bone formation in mammals Californium-252 Inspect airline luggage for explosives Hydrogen-3 (tritium) Life-science and drug-metabolism studies to ensure safety of potential new drugs Iodine-131 Diagnose and treat thyroid disorders Iridium-192 Test integrity of pipeline welds, boilers, and aircraft parts Thallium-201 Cardiology and for tumor detection Xenon-133 Lung-ventilation and flood-flow studies Source: Nuclear Regulatory Council

  32. Radioactivity Results from an Imbalance of Forces in the Nucleus

  33. Helium nucleus

  34. Strong Nuclear Force An attractive force that acts between all nucleons

  35. These protons are not normally attracted to each other

  36. Neutrons are needed to create the strong nuclear force

  37. There is a limit to the number of neutrons that can be added to an atomic nucleus…

  38. …neutrons need to have protons around them in order to remain stable…

  39. …with too many neutrons, and not enough protons, something most bizarre occurs…

  40. A lone neutron…

  41. …converts to a proton!

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