1. Chemistry 232 Binary Phase Diagrams

2. Raoult’s Law PA* liquid vapour PB* XA Variation in the total vapour pressure of a two component liquid mixture according to Raoult’s Law

3. The Variation in Terms of Gas Phase Mole Fractions PA* liquid vapour PB* yA yA the vapour phase mole fraction of A.

4. A Liquid-vapour Phase Diagram liquid PA* vapour PB* ZA composition axis:

5. A Blow-up of the Two-phase Region PA* P liquid n n’ l l’ vapour PB* the lever rule: nl = l’n’ ZA

6. Moving Down an Isopleth 450 liquid a 350 P (torr) b c n 300 n’ d 250 vapour e 200 0.0 0.25 0.75 1.00 0.50 isopleth - constant total composition. ZA

7. Temperature-composition Phase Diagrams TB* T / K yA xA ZA TA*

8. Simple Distillation of Liquid Mixtures TB* a’2 T / K a2 boil condense a1 TA* a3 ZA Vapour at composition a’2 is condensed, it becomes richer in the more volatile component.

9. Fractional Distillations a’2 TB* a2 boil T / K condense a’3 a1 condense a3 condense a’4 yA TA* a4 Repeat the evaporation and condensation cycle! ZA

10. Azeotropes TB* a’2 a2 condense a5 T / K a’5 a’6 TA* e’ boil a1 a3 a6 Taze a4 • From the Greek - to boil unchanged. • A low boiling azeotrope. ZA

11. Azeotropes Taze a’2 a’5 a2 e’ TA* T / K a5 condense a4 boil TB* a1 boil a3 ZA • A High Boiling Azeotrope

12. Liquid-Liquid Phase Diagrams • TUC - the upper critical temperature. Tuc T / K F`=2 F`=1 tie-line a’ l ’ l `` a`` XA

13. Liquid-Liquid Phase Diagrams • TLC - the lower critical temperature. T / K F`=2 a’ l ’ l `` a`` F`=1 tie-line TLC XA

14. Liquid-Liquid Phase Diagrams TUC T / K TLC A system exhibiting and upper and a lower critical solution temperature! XA

15. The distillation of partially miscible liquids vapour T / K L + V a’2 L + V a2 1 phase liquid 2 phase liquid a1 Complete miscibility occurs before boiling commences. ZA

16. The distillation of partially miscible liquids vapour L + V T / K L + V a b c 1 phase liquid 2 phase liquid Liquids remain immiscible even up to the boiling temperature. ZA

17. Liquid-Solid Phase Diagrams • Freezing points of solutions are dependent on the compositions of the solutions! • We have already examined briefly the freezing point depression of dilute solutions. • where fus,AH = enthalpy of fusion of A • TA and T*A are the freezing points of the solution and pure A, respectively.

18. liquid T*B liquidus curve T/K solid XA For a solution of B in liquid A.

19. liquidus curve T*A liquid T/K solid XA For a solution of A in liquid B.

20. liquid eutectic T*B T*A solid B + solution solid A + solution solid A + solid B XA Overlapping the curves leads to the liquid-solid phase diagram for A and B.

21. A Blow-up of the Two-phase Region liquid tie line eutectic T*B solid B + solution solid A + solid B solid A + solution XA Tie lines connect the liquid phase of specified composition in equilibrium with either solid A or B.