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Redwood ( Sequoia sempervirens )

Chapter 12 – Life Histories. Redwood ( Sequoia sempervirens ). Lifespan: 2,000 Yrs. Seed Production: Millions. Pacific Salmon ( Oncorhynchus spp .). Salmon: Anadromous. Egg Production: Thousands. Lifespan: 2-7 Years. 8. Mayfly Hatch. 9. Egg Production: Hundreds.

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Redwood ( Sequoia sempervirens )

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  1. Chapter 12 – Life Histories Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens)

  2. Lifespan: 2,000 Yrs Seed Production: Millions

  3. Pacific Salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.)

  4. Salmon: Anadromous Egg Production: Thousands Lifespan: 2-7 Years

  5. 8 Mayfly Hatch

  6. 9 Egg Production: Hundreds Adult Lifespan: One Day Mayfly

  7. LIFE HISTORY TRAITS Lifespan: 2-7 Years Egg Production: Thousands Lifespan: 2000 Years Seed Production: Millions Lifespan (Adult): 1 Day Egg Production: Hundreds

  8. Life History Traits • Study of Adaptations that Influence … • Reproductive Output • Size of Offspring • Growth Rate • Age at Reproductive Maturity • Competitive Ability • Life Span

  9. UNDERSTANDING LIFE HISTORY TRAITS Available Energy is Limited

  10. LIFE HISTORY CHARACTERISTICS A) OFFSPRING NUMBER VERSUS SIZE Sturgeon Angel Fish Trout

  11. Number of Eggs versus Egg Diameter Fig. 12.4 in Molles 2008

  12. Evolutionary Consequences of Life History Traits “Hypothetically” RR, Rr rr

  13. High Gene Flow Among Populations (p = frequency of R allele; q = frequency of r allele) Population A (p = .80, q = .20) Population A (p = .82, q = .18) Population B (p = .78, q = .22)

  14. Low Gene Flow Among Populations (p = frequency of R allele; q = frequency of r allele) Population A (p = .80, q = .20) Population A (p = .20, q = .80) Population B (p = .40, q = .60)

  15. Evolutionary Consequences of Life History Traits Fig. 12.5 in Molles 2008

  16. LIFE HISTORY CHARACTERISTICS A) OFFSPRING NUMBER VERSUS SIZE Fig. 12.6 in Molles 2008

  17. Life History Patterns Fig. 12.7 in Molles 2008

  18. Seed Mass versus Plant Growth Form Woody Graminoid Forb Climbers (Vines)

  19. Seed Mass versus Plant Growth Form Fig. 12.8 in Molles 2008

  20. Seed Mass versus Seed Dispersal Strategies Unassisted (Mustard) Adhesion (Snakeroot) Wind (Cottonwood) Scatterhoard (Walnut) Elaiosome (Poppy) Aril (Pomegranite)

  21. Seed Mass versus Dispersal Mechanism Fig. 12.8 in Molles 2008

  22. LIFE HISTORY CHARACTERISTICS B) Adult Survival (Mortality) and Reproductive Allocation

  23. Age at Maturity versus Adult Survivorship Fig. 12.12 in Molles 2008

  24. Age at Maturity, Reproductive Effort versus Adult Mortality

  25. Age at Maturity, Reproductive Effort versus Adult Mortality Figs. 12.12, 12.13 in Molles 2008

  26. Evolution of Life History Characteristics: Within Species Variation? (Are Age at Maturity, Reproductive Output Related to Adult Survivorship?)

  27. Variation in Survivorship Among Populations of Pumpkinseed Figs. 12.15, 12.16 in Molles 2008

  28. Age at Maturity versus Adult Survivorship (Age at Maturity versus Adult Mortality) Fig. 12.17, 12.18 in Molles 2008

  29. UNDERSTANDING LIFE HISTORY TRAITS Available Energy is Limited

  30. Different Ecosystems, Different Challenges and Opportunities

  31. Evolutionary Strategies for Coping with Different Ecostystems 24

  32. Life History Classification R selection K selection Fairly Constant, Predictable Environment Variable, Unpredictable Environment • MacArthur and Wilson 1967 (Birds, Insects) • Pianka 1970, 1972 (Lizards)

  33. Table 12.1 in Molles 2008

  34. Life History Classification of Plants (Grime 1977, 1979) Fig. 12.20 in Molles 2006

  35. Grime’s Variable # 1 (Environmental): DEGREE OF STRESS 26 25 27

  36. Grime’s Variable # 2 (Environmental): DEGREE OF DISTURBANCE 2 28 29

  37. Grime’s Variable #3 (Biotic): INTENSITY OF COMPETITION 7 8

  38. Life History Classification of Animals Winemiller and Rose (1992) A) OPPORTUNISTIC B) PERIODIC C) EQUILIBRIUM Fig. 12.21 in Molles 2006

  39. Equilibrium Life History Cavefishes, Marine Catfishes

  40. Periodic Life History Cod, Tuna, Ocean Sunfish

  41. Opportunistic Life History Anchovy, Silverside, Killifish, Mosquitofish

  42. Life History Classification of Animals Winemiller and Rose (1992) Fig. 12.22 in Molles 2006

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