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اهمیت تحقیق دکتر مرضیه نجومی. استاد پزشکی اجتماعی. دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران

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John Snow (15 March 1813 – 16 June 1858[1]) was an English physician and a leader in the development of anaesthesia and medical hygiene. • He is considered one of the fathers of modern epidemiology, in part because of his work in tracing the source of a cholera outbreak in Soho, London, in 1854. Oxford University

By talking to local residents (with the help of Reverend Henry Whitehead), he identified the source of the outbreak as the public water pump on Broad Street (now Broadwick Street). • Although Snow's chemical and microscope examination of a water sample from the Broad Street pump did not conclusively prove its danger, his studies of the pattern of the disease were convincing enough to persuade the local council to disable the well pump by removing its handle (force rod).

Edward Jenner, FRSFRCPE[1] (17 May 1749 – 26 January 1823) was an English physician and scientist who was the pioneer of smallpox vaccine, the world's first vaccine.[2][3] • He used it in 1796 in the long title of his Inquiry into the Variolaevaccinae known as the Cow Pox, in which he described the protective effect of cowpox against smallpox.[4]

On 14 May 1796, Jenner tested his hypothesis by inoculating James Phipps, an eight-year-old boy who was the son of Jenner's gardener. • He scraped pus from cowpox blisters on the hands of Sarah Nelmes, a milkmaid who had caught cowpox from a cow called Blossom,[31] whose hide now hangs on the wall of the St George's medical school library (now in Tooting). • Phipps was the 17th case described in Jenner's first paper on vaccination.[32]

James Lind(4 October 1716 – 13 July 1794) was a Scottish doctor. He was a pioneer of naval hygiene in the Royal Navy. • By conducting one of the first ever clinical trials,[1][2] he developed the theory that citrus fruits cured scurvy. • He argued for the health benefits of better ventilation aboard naval ships, the improved cleanliness of sailors' bodies, clothing and bedding, and below-deck fumigation with sulphur and arsenic. He also proposed that fresh water could be obtained by distillingsea water. His work advanced the practice of preventive medicine and improved nutrition

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