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plant diversity PLANTDIVERSITEIT

plant diversity PLANTDIVERSITEIT. ENDEMIC: when a species is only found in ONE specific area or habitat in the world SA = 5 th -richest country in Africa SA = 24 th -richest in the world 3 Hotspots: 1 . SUCCULENT KAROO FYNBOS MAPUTALAND-PONDOLAND-ALBANY.

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plant diversity PLANTDIVERSITEIT

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  1. plant diversity PLANTDIVERSITEIT

  2. ENDEMIC: when a species is only found in ONE specific area or habitat in the world • SA = 5th -richest country in Africa • SA = 24th-richest in the world • 3 Hotspots: 1. SUCCULENT KAROO • FYNBOS • MAPUTALAND-PONDOLAND-ALBANY

  3. Species and ecosystem diversity ensures the health of our planet. • Loss of biodiversity leads to unstable ecosystems • Also the loss of clean water, fresh air , food and medicines. • HUMAN ACTIVITIES contribute to loss of species 100 to 1000 times faster than before • Worldwide = we’re losing 70 species a day.

  4. HABITAT DESTRUCTION • Cutting down indigenous forests • Filling in wetlands • Damming up rivers • Clearing land for new settlements • When species lose habitats ….. • They are deprived of food and shelter • Isolated from others – leads to in breeding (loss of genetic diversity)

  5. HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH • Increased demand on energy, food, minerals • Using more land, water, trees, fossil fuels. Minerals, plants and animals • Increased usage – devastating effects on biodiversity • Climate change (global warming)

  6. AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY • Indigenous, natural vegetation is cleared for cultivation and afforestation • Wetlands are filled to create more land for farming • Overgrazing destroys natural vegetation • Results in soil erosion

  7. INDUSTRY AND MINING • Industries pollute water, air and soil • Destroy natural habitats • Timber industry – loss of habitat for wildlife • Trade in wildlife- rhino horn, buchu • Invasive species (black wattle)

  8. Food and medicine for everyone • Aesthetic value • Tourism potential

  9. Bryophytes (e.g. Mosses) ORIGIN OF PLANTS Pteridophytes (e.g. Ferns, horsetails) EARLY VASCULAR PLANTS Gymnosperms (e.g. Conifers, Cycads) FIRST SEED PLANTS RADIATION OF FLOWERING PLANTS Angiosperms

  10. Briofiete (bv. Mosse) OORSPRONG VAN PLANTE Pteridofiete (bv. Varings, perdesterte) VROEË VAATPLANTE Gimnosperme (bv. Konifere, sikadieë) EERSTE SAADPLANTE UITSTRALING VAN BLOMPLANTE Angiosperme

  11. Vaatweefsel / Vascular Tissue • Ware wortels / blare / True roots; leaves • Sade / spore /Seeds / spores • Vrugte / Fruit • Hul afhanklikheid van water vir voortplanting / dependency on water for reproduction

  12. * BRIOFIETE – Bryophyta(BRYOPHYTES) * PTEROFIETE – Pterophyta(PTERIDOPHYTES) * SPERMATOPHYTA (SAADPLANTE MET TWEE GROEPE) (SPERMATOPHYTES- 2 Groups) 1. GIMNOSPERME - GYMNOSPERMS 2. ANGIOSPERME - ANGIOSPERMS

  13. Habitat - skaduryk /shady places - klam /moist * Struktuur /Structure - kleinplantjiessmall - 1 tot 5 cm hoog/high - nie ware wortels, stingels, blare, vaatweefsel (tallus)/no true roots, stems leaves or vascular tissue (thallus)

  14. Nie goed aangepas vir lewe op land nie • Kutikula is afwesig/delikaat • Hele plantoppervlak kan water absorbeer of verloor • Tallusplant (nie ware wortels, stingels of blare nie) • Geleidende en versterkende weefsel is swak ontwikkel

  15. Not well adapted for life on land • Cuticle either absent/delicate • Entire surface of plant can absorb or lose water • Thallus (primitive roots, stems and leaves) • Conducting and strengthening tissue poorly developed

  16. Veenmos/ Peat moss (Sphagnum)

  17. Life cycle of moss plant

  18. Pioneer plant – first to grow in new area • Plays an important role in Plant succession • E.g. mosses trap dust and organic material- organic material rots – produces acids – acids break down rock to form soil particles – seed of large tree falls on mossy carpet - germinates • Bind soil, prevent erosion • Soil richer in organic matter • Economic value – source of peat (marshland with carbonized plant material)

  19. Pionierplant – groei eerste in nuwe area • Plantsuksessie • E.g. mosse vang stof en organiese materiaal vas- organiese materiaal verrot – produseer sure – sure breek af rots tot grondpartikels – sade van groot bome val op mosmat - ontkiem • Bind grond voorkom erosie • Grond is ryker aan organiese stowwe • Ekonomiese waarde – bron van veen (moerasgrond met halfverkoolde plantstowwe)

  20. Habitat : - Moist , shady klam, skaduryke plekke * Structure: - Sporophyte – roots, stem (rhizome), compound leaves Sporofiet - wortels, stingel (risoom), saamgestelde blare

  21. 2de stap in evolusie • Besit vaatweefsel (xileem en floeëm) – (versterkende en geleidende weefsel) • Ware wortels – anker in grond + absorbeer water en mineraalsoute • Blare en stingels is gedifferensieer (sterkte en ondersteuning) • Bogrondse dele = kutikula (om waterverlies te verminder) • Blare het stomata vir gaswisseling

  22. 2nd step in evolution • Have conducting tissue (xylem and phloem) – (strengthening and vascular) • True roots – anchor in soil + absorb water and mineral salts • Leaves and stems are differentiated (strength and support) • Parts above ground = cuticle (to reduce loss of water) • Leaves have stomata for gaseous exchange

  23. risoiede

  24. Ekologies – rol in plantopvolging (suksessie), vervangmosse • Esteties – tuine, blommerangskikkings • Medisinaal – vratvarings as tee, keerhoesbuie- blaarsap as enema (inspuiting van vloeistof in rektum absesse • Ekonomies - tropieseboomvaring –as boumateriaal • Ecological– role in plant succession, replace mosses • aesthetic – gardens, floral arrangements • Medicinal – as tea, prevent cough outbursts sap of leaf as enema (injection of liquid in rectum abscesses • Economical - tropical tree fern as building material

  25. 400 MYA • Most land plants grew in swamps (WHY?) • Depended on moist environment for reproduction • 3rd stage in evolution = breakthrough to survive in drier areas WHY? DEVELOPMENT OF SEEDS • 400 MJG • Meeste landplante groei in moerasse (WAAROM? • Afhanklik van water vir voortplanting • 3de stadium van evolusie = deurbraak om in droër habitats te oorleef. Waarom? ONTWIKKELING VAN SADE

  26. Gimnosperme (250-140 Mjg) • Gamete binne-in keëls gedra • Ware wortels, stingels en blare • Beter-ontwikkelde geleidende en versterkende weefsel • Vroulike keëls vervaardig saadknoppies • Manlike keëls – stuifmeel (onafhanklik van water – wind) • Saadknoppe naak - nie deur vrug beskerm nie • 700 spesies Angiosperme(120 Mjg) • Gamete in blommegedra • Ware wortels, stingels en blare • Beter-ontwikkelde geleidende en versterkende weefsel • Saadknop deur vrugbeginsel omsluit • Een / twee saadlobbe - • 235 000 spesies

  27. Gymnosperms (250-140 Mya) • Gametes in cones • True roots, stems and leaves • Better developed conducting and strengthening tissue • Female cones produce ovules • Male cones – produce pollen (independent of water – wind) • Seeds are naked - not protected inside a fruit • 700 spesies Angiosperms(120 Mya) • Gametes carried in flowers • True roots, stems and leaves • Better developed conducting and strengthening tissue • Produce ovules within an ovary • Mono-/ dicotolydenous • 235 000 species

  28. Habitat different types – cold , windy , dry, sandy (koud, winderig, droog, sanderig) sporophyte – large tree, well-developed taproot system( to obtain water, anchor) (groot bome, goed ontwikkelde penwortelstelsel (om water te absorbeer, anker) Leaves - waxy layer (prevent water loss)Blare – kutikula (wasagtige laag-voorkom waterverlies

  29. Female Cones

  30. Evergreen – for Photosynthesis • Wood pulp + paper • Timber wood for building industry • Wood for furniture • Plantations – 53,3% surface • Resin – for varnish • Turpentine – from pine wood • Immergroen – vir Fotosintese • Houtpulp + papier • Timmerhout vir boubedryf • Hout vir meubels • Bosbouplantasies – 53,3% oppervlakte • Hars – vir vernis • Terpentyn – uit dennehout

  31. Building industry e.g. floor boards, roof beams • Famous antiques • Ripe fruits eaten by bats, bush pigs, birds • Birds roost in dense crown • Boubedryf bv. Vloerplanke, dakbalke • Bekende antieke ware • Ryp vrugte geëet deur vlermuise, bosvarke en voëls • Voëls slaap in digte kroon

  32. Grootste / mees uiteenlopende plantgroep largest group of plants (235 000 species) Habitat : - mesofiete mesophytes - watervoorraad middelmatig (meeste) average water (most) - hidrofiete hydrophytes : in water - xerofiete (bv vetplante) xerophytes (eg. succulents) : baie droë gebiede, very dry and arid areas

  33. Sporophytes (flowering plants) have true roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds • Well-developed vascular system • Taproot system (store food) e.g. Beetroot • Stems (underground, store food) e.g potatoes • Ware wortels, stingels, blare, vrugte en sade • Goed ontwikkelde geleidingsweefsel • Penwortelstelsel (berg voedsel) bv. Beet • Stingels (ondergronds, berg voedsel) bv. aartappels

  34. meeldraad stamper

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