1. Plant Diversity Copy into your colored Notes Foldable

2. Plant Characteristics and Adaptions

3. PLANT CHARACTERISTICS • Multicellulareukaryotes • Photosyntheticautotrophs • Non-motile(fixed to one spot) • Cell walls made of cellulose • Responds to environment and grows through the use of hormones

4. Plants are classified based on whether or not they have • Vascular System (transport) • Seeds • Flowers (enclosed seeds)

5. Early Plants • Came from the water • First plants evolved from multicellular green algae

6. Some Adaptations (solutions)- Parts extending into both air and soil Develop a vascular system to transport resources in plant Have a protective outer layer – cuticle (waxy) keeps from drying out Specialized structures for reproduction (spores & seeds)

7. Plant Life Cycle

8. Plant Life Cycle- Alternation of Generations diploid phase haploid phase (produce sperm) (produce egg)

9. Bryophytes (Nonvascular plants)

10. Bryophytes-nonvascular • Most primitive plants • Found in moist, shady areas • NO vascular (transport) system • Small size due to no vascular tissue • No true roots, stems, or leaves • Needs water for reproduction. • Reproduces using spores, (a water-proof single cell that can grow into a new organism) • Most common example: Mosses, liverworts, hornworts

11. Bryophytes liverworts Mosses hornworts

12. Tracheophytes and Vascular Tissue

13. Tracheophytes-Vascular Plants- • Contains two types of specialized vascular tissues for transport within the plant: xylem and phloem • Allowed plants to become tall. • Has specialized organs: roots, stems, and leaves. • Divided into 2 groups: seedless vs. seeds

14. Vascular tissue • Conducts water & nutrients throughout the plant. • Moves fluids through plant body even against gravity • Xylem: transports water and minerals from roots to every part of plant (zip up the xylem) • Phloem: transports nutrients & carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis (phloem= food)

15. Plant parts… • Roots- absorb water & minerals • Leaves- photosynthetic organs that contain vascular tissue • Veins (vascular tissue)- xylem & phloem • Stems • Support structure • connects roots & leaves • carrying water

16. Ferns (Seedless Tracheophytes)

17. Ferns and relatives • Seedless vascular plant • Have true roots, stems, and large leaves (fronds) • Examples: Ferns, Club Mosses, Horsetails • Reproduce using spores; still need water

18. Gymnosperms (Seeded Cone Tracheophytes)

19. Gymnosperms (Naked Seed) Examples • Cycad (Sago palm) • Ginkgo • Conifer(pine) Sago Palm Ginkgo Ginkgo

20. Gymnosperms (Naked Seed) • Adaptations –reproduce water free • Transfer of sperm by pollination • Protection of embryos in seeds • Cones and pollen • Seeds can remain dormant for years

21. Sequoia Gymnosperms • Most common are Conifers • Conifers have leaves called needles or scales • Reduce water loss and prevents freezing Juniper Pine

22. Conifer Reproduction • Male cones produce pollen and the female cone produces eggsand seeds. • Pollen is inefficiently transferred by the wind. • Once mature, the scales on the female cone dry out and open scattering the seeds by the wind. Pollen Seed Cone Pollen Cone

23. Angiosperms (Seeded flowering tracheophytes)

24. Angiosperms- Enclosed seeds • Flowers are reproductive organs • Encourage direct and efficient pollen transfer • Fruit: pollinated ovaries • Diversity: Monocots and dicots • Woody and Herbacious stems • Trees vs. sunflowers • Annuals, Biennials, and Perennials

25. fibrous roots taproot

26. Fruit can aid in dispersal of seed to reduce competition with parent plant. • Winged fruit – gliding (maple fruit) • Floating fruit – floats (coconut) • Fleshy fruit - survive the digestive system of animals that eat the fruit (apple) • Spiny fruit- Velcro like projections attach to animal fur (cockleburs) Maple seeds: Winged fruit Burdock: Spiny fruit